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Famous Italians Knowledge Base
famous italians?? I need to do a project on a famous Italian any help??!!
Who are the most famous Italians in England? Hi!I'm Italian.My teacher said that I must to write who are the most famous Italians singers,actors,keen on sport,a historical figure (Etc)of all time to the foreign countries. If I says Italy what do you think?
Im trying to find a painting. Its of Al pachino, Tony Soprano, Robert Deniro and a few other famous Italians.? Im trying to find a painting. Its of Al pachino, Tony Soprano, Robert Deniro and a few other famous Italians all sitting around a table. Its in black and white. Ther emay be a tad of color to it. Any help would be great!!!
What things, people or places are Italians most famous for? im doing a project for my italian class, and it has to be on something italian (obviously) but i dont want to do the same old things like.. frank sinatra, andrea bocelli, rome, the azzuri soccer team, italian fashion (dolce e gabbana, valentino, etc.) i want it to be interesting and something no one has done before :) have any ideas?
Famous Italians (Home work)? Well. For school i have to do a project on a famous Italian. Passed or Alive. And write about how thay influenced people. I wanted to do a model but i couldn't fand any really really pretty ones. Any one have any ideas or people, maybe some stuff about some one. Help would be greatly appreciated.
What were the following Italians famous for, and when were they alive? Michelangelo St Francis of Assisi Alberto Tomba Dante Julius Caesar Mussolini Christopher Columbus Galileo Hadrian Vivaldi Pavarotti Marconi Romulus Riccardo Patrese Augustus Caesar Marco Polo Leonardo da Vinci Verdi Sophia Loren The Benetton brothers
Italians: Are there any famous italian celebrities with red hair? @ Stan: of course Maria Antonietta Beluzzi. lol I LOVE Amarcord. But I always thought she was a blonde. lol Thank you
Who are the most famous Italians in Usa? Hi!I'm Italian.My teacher said that I must to write who are the most famous Italians singers,actors,keen on sport,a historical figure (Etc)of all time to the foreign countries. If I say Italy what do you think? I want to say celebrities who live in Italy.no emigrants' children.They had to be famous also in the past.
Any famous discriminations of italians? any famous reason people have prejudiced italians?
Which famous Italian, has made about ten great achievments? I am doing an essay on two famous Italians. I have already picked Leonardo Di Vinci, but I don't know many of his achievements. I need one more famous Italian. This Italian needs to have about ten good achievements, and one that I can elaborate on. I have thought of Michealangelo, but he dose'nt seem to have done much. Thanks :D
What are some famous books written in italian? My mom was born in Italy, I'm thinking of buying her a novel that's written in Italian. But I don't know of any famous novels in Italian or famous italian authors. Anyone know a famous italian author and book title? Famous italian book ??
uhm what dance are the italians famous for???? you know like the spanish have the tango or whatever, what do the italians have, that everyone knows and can say oh thats an italian dance???
who were some famous italian mathematicians and what did they do? I really need this for school. i need to make a presentation about famous italian mathematicians such as fibonacci. But what exactly did they do? What were their theories and how did their theories work? p.s. any interesting facts about them would be really helpful as well thnx in advance
What are some famous italian drinks besides wine and coffee? Are there any famous drinks from Italy that are suitable for children?
who are famous italians? they can be singers, chefs...eg also can i have details about them aswell? thankss a bunch!! =D
Help to find a famous Italian, 20th century, piece of poetry, please? Who among you kindly would share with me the poem "Nebbia", by the famous early 20th century italian poet Vittorio Sereni, the one poem I know is to be found printed in one of his long-life of successfully published books, named Poesie? The first to give me the poem should be rewarded with a blessing! I mostly adress this question to any of my sensitive italian friends, but of course it is not expected to be the sole result of the uninterested work taken by my italian fellows, and it is open to contributors of all nationalities. It is very significant to get to this poem, and thank you for your help. I really need read the poem, and in Italian, but it is wonderful too once I get to read it in English or latin languagea such as Spanish, French, or Portuguese. Think of the reward: it will be a blessing!
What are some famous Italian fairytales besides Pinocchio? I'm looking for an antique, illustrated Italian fairytale book for my mom. She's really into beautiful illustrations and she's half Italian. She especially loves quirky, unique stories/images if that rings a bell for you. Thanks in advance!
What are some famous Italian leaders and some historical monuments or place in Italy? Im doing a report on Italy and could use some help. Also if you could please just add some facts about Italy.
whop are some famous italians? preferably ones that are known to young people
Why do we refer to famous Italian Renaissance figures by their first names? I am thinking specifically of Machiavelli and Galileo, but there are others.
Famous Italian Immigrants who moved to Philadelphia? Is there any famous Italian Immigrants who moved or lived in Philadelphia?
I would like to know the names of famous Italian singers? Anyone know the names of famous modern italian singers?
What are some really famous italian operas? I saw this commercial of the new Discovery Atlas program, the one of "Italy Revealed". The commercial had this beautiful opera (I suppose italian), and I wanted to know the name fo that song. In case someone knows it, please tell me. I think its really famous as I have heard it before. Also, what are some other famous italiano opera songs (besides "La Traviata")?
Who is a famous italian novelist who wrote a book having the name of a very famous philosopher in its title? I need it for a scavenger hunt! Let me know!
is there any famous italian pizza place (not chain place) that takes delivery order? I live in San Diego. and i am craving the geunine pizza.. not processed. the main thing is they will take delivery order! so no pizzahut, papa john or dominos. Thanks in advance for your help!
What famous Italian ventured into fantastic advances in the arts and sciences? A) Michelangelo B) Leonardo da Vinci C) Galileo D) Sir Issac Newton
what is the name of the very famous italian classical song played in front of the bellagio in las vegas? i know that probably doesn't help, but i've heard it numerous times. at one point, it was playing at the conclusion of a "Soprano's" episode. i was just in las vegas, and it played at the bellagio during their fountain/water show. i think it can be performed as a duet. i've looked on itunes under pavarotti, and bocelli, and cant find it.
Filippo Lippi famous Italian painter can you find information? I need go interesting facts about this painter I have to put it on a powerpoint so it please don't put it in paragraphs just good short facts. I need to know why he was important, what kind of paintings he drew, what things did he do, and describe some of his paintings. best facts reward: BEST ANSWER
What is the famous Italian Opera that is on the Sopranos sometimes? Not Carmen.? I really want to know. It's the one that sounds pretty epic? I don't really have much more info. It's fairly famous, it's on more things than just the Sopranos.
What are the most famous italian dishes?? I'm italian and I have to do my English homework for tomorrow..... can you help me?? I have to write some italian dishes that you British like.... sorry if my English is awful!! so the question is: What are your favourite italian dishes?? please, not "pizza" or "pasta"..... Thanks!!!!!!!!
Famous italian graphic designer, who screwed up? What's the name of the famous italian graphic designer who did a really good job, but went too far, and made a huge clothing brand go bankrupt? Some of his works in his campaign was photographing the clothing a dead middle-eastern soldier died in, in addition to a picture of a caucation and an african hand chained together with handcuffs... My memory might not be completely exact, but if you got any ideas, I'dd like to hear them! Thanks.
Where can i find a video on the famous Italian mathematician Maria Gaetana Agnesi? i need to find a video asap! before like wednesday....... uhhm, it would be nice for the video to be like 5 mins. cuz my research report has to be 8 mins and over.....
What are some really famous French and Italian movies? Famous french films with great story lines like Le scaphandre et le papillon And Italian films as well like La Strada. I ask because I am learning Italian and French and think listening and watching movies in the languages will probably help.
Who can help me name the singer of these two famous ITALIAN songs? When i was in Italy this Summer, the commercial that was and probably is always playing, is the Vodaphone "Bla bla bla" commercial. I know that they are using a famous italian song but who is the singer and the real name of the song? Also in the Lizzie McGuire movie, while lizzie is driving around Rome on the back of a Vespa the song in the background goes like this "ballare ohh cantare ohh..." what is the name and original singer of this song?
Name of famous italian song 10 pts to best answer? im trying to remember the name of this italian song... ill try to describe it: its got quite a sad almost haunting tune, its played by an orchestra (or maybe just strings, not sure) and its played alot on tv like in italian mafia scenes etc i also remember hearing it on an episode of 'greek' the tv series. thanks guys, 10 pts to best answer
What is the most famous Italian team in the USA? What do you think about Inter? Inter Milan (http://www.inter.it/aas/hp?L=en) I already thought. Inter is better than AC Milan but they are more famous! (in this season Milan-Inter 0-4, Inter Milan 2-0)
What is the most famous italian delicacy? The answer is ...cannolis...it even has an animated show to its credit. its funny...see their website: http://www.thecannolis.com/cannolis_video.html
The Italians for you unscrewed a race, or what a real race of ignorant? The Italians for you unscrewed a race, or what a real race of ignorant? Do you like the Italian stuff? I live in Italy are too beautiful and the clothes. Another question: -Do you like Hannah Montana or Miley Cyrus, because here in Italy is very famous and all the Italians go crazy
Is it true that were encampments for the Germans and Italians during World War II? A history teacher of mine told me that historians who said that only the Japanese were imprisoned are liars. He told me that there were camps for the Germans and Italians. It's just that they left and said "srew you". Thus, the camps for the Germans and the Italians were not as famous as for the Japanese. Is this true?
Need to famous ITALIAN Songs - One opera, one contemporary.? They need to be Italian, any length is fine. I need a popular opera song and a popular contemporary song. Both must be IN ITALIAN please. Anyone know any? Please and thanks.
Who are some famous modern-day Italians??? they can either be celebrities or people who have an impact on the world today
Italians??? EASY!!!! plz help...so important? name 5 famous italians what they did english/ italian if possible can be from olden times and now days
History...Italians...Immigrants.? What impact did they have on the US? (Architecture, foods, clothes, music...) What contributions did they make to the US? (Traditions, festivals, celebrations,...) Who were some famous Italians? Brief descriptions of them please.
What are some characteristics (both physical and mental) of Italians? I was just wondering because I heard that Italians are famous for being loud, rough, dark-skinned, dark haired, and short-tempered. I just wanted to know if this was true or not. What are their characteristics??
So did the socceroos earn the respect warranted the tremendous effort? Was it a penalty? I don't think so, but the italians are famous for last minute miracles. Best game of the cup so far, congrats to Italy, and good luck, see you in 4 years
Why so many american people say that italians are not white? Can you show a photo of a black italian? i'm italian, i live in italy and i have never seen black italians, except some people tanned in summer, or italians citizens that are immigrated from some african nations during the last years. Can you show a photo of a famous italian american black, please? Anomalous: yahoo answers USA is full of hundreds questions that say that italian people haven't white skin Don M: my question call to show me a photo of a famous black italian! and also france, south germany, austria, poland, and ireland are catholic countries, and i don't think that the people who live there aren' black dom m, excuse me, but you are you sayng a lot of wrong things, because poland is located near scandinavia and next to german and russia, polish people are generally blondes with light eyes I think that many americans have got so distort vision of reality because they are racists or ignorant, about history and anthropology this is explain because nobody show me a photo of a famous black italian you are very strange, so we italians are green as aliens, because the olives are green http://www.azurs.net/photos/olive_verte_gros_plan.jpg I 'M STILL WAITING A PHOTO!!!! NO WORDS, ONLY PHOTOS, PLEASE!!! tridak: Franco Harris logically is black, because his father is an african american, only his mother is italian, and harris isn't an italian surname. so your answer is wrong. hundreds questions that establish that italians are black and nobody show me one black italian peternal: probably you don't any knoledge about italian history, 1) first because ethiopia was an italian colony only for few years, and far from italy thousands kilometers. 2) sicily was the most important colony in mediterranean of Normans (the vikings came from scandinavia), so in sicily is full of people that look like norwegians, or swedish, 3) italy far only some hours of car from germany, and confines with austria and france, in nothern italy are speaken celtic dialects 4) italy was invaded after the roman empire by barbarians come from german, france, and northern europe DO YOU USE BOOKS TO STUDY IN AMERICA? WHY DON'T YOU KNOW ELEMENTARY BASES ON WORLD HISTORY?
actors famous in usa...? Hi!I'm from Italy! I need your help! Well I want to know If in usa there are some actors who came frome Italy who have success,who are famous.I mean not italians who are born in usa but I mean actors who come from Italy or anyway actors who are not american,english or australians.(tell me where they come from)just people who went to usa to find fortune and who find that! I just want to know If is possible for someone be an actor in usa even If she/he comes from Italy or any other country! I love usa way to work and act but I'm afraid that I will never be an actress in usa because I'm italian!(I know I have to speak english!:-) I hope you can help me!Thanks!
Famous Italian Immigrants? Who are some famous Italian Immigrants? What did Italians bring to America?
I'm going to Italy this September where should I go? This is the recommendation I got from a friend: " You should definitely visit the Tussaud's Wax museum in Rome! You can see there Michelangelo, Da Vinci etc. but the main wing is dedicated to their various criminals- famous Italians like Mussolini, mafia kingpins, and crooked politicians -most of the displays are referees though."
Italian version of the famous "Old McDonald has a farm"..? Hey guys, my dear Italians .. there is an italian version of the famous "Old McDonald has a farm".. I used to see it when I was a child, although I wasn't able to understand a word, but I liked it a lot.. now I need to refresh my childhood memories.. so I searched for it everywhere, no success.. I think people speaking the same language as the song can do that easily.. For those that do not know the clip.. here is a link to a version "that I found, and i'm not searching for" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kan90l37... I hope to find the version that was in the garden - or even on the theater performed by little kids like the one in the song "VOLA VOLA" .. any help?????? I wish I can get a download link.. Is that a dream?
An italian question for discover what do you think about Italy? Hallo!!! My name is Anna and I live in Italy. I saw that in american films Italy is or a beautiful nation with a lot of famous universities and museums or a nation of criminals. Then the italians girls always look like uggly betty. Why? What do you think about it? (sorry for my bad english but I'm very curiuos to know) thanks a lot
About The Italian Culture And What They Contributated To The Canadian Culture? I am doing this project with my friends. We would like to know how the Italians contribuated to the Canadian Culture and Any famous Italian people and their achievements. It would be a great help if you knew anything Please answer back <3
Should I lie about my heritage to have a notable acting career? I was born and raised in America but my parents are both Dominicans. I don't have an accent. I don't look Hispanic, I actually look and have been confused with Italians, Greeks even Jews by having black hair and white skin. Some people (Hispanics also included) have been telling me that I should lie about my Hispanic heritage so I can have a notable acting career. I'm not ashamed of my Hispanic heritage but do I really have to hide it to get a notable (famous) acting career in movies or television shows?
How is the life in LA for teenagers? Maybe i'll go to live to LA in a few months so i want to know how is life in there, i'm 17. Any information is important 4 me what do they do for have fun? how are the party's? which music is the most listened? how the people treat mexicans? (because i'm mexican but descendant from italians) and other questions... ou by the way, don't think that i'll go 4 money like the most of mexicans, my father is a very famous doctor that all ready lives in there, so... please i want 2 know.
Italians especialy but every1 is welcome to answer what do you think about the comment below about godfather!? http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index;_ylt=AhsEiQILmjL5z.y8P_m6tULty6IX;_ylv=3?qid=20071209083706AAZY3y9 Is a false picture of the italian society.... oh by the way if you meant to be witty...you might find it strange that here in Italy is not that famous...i have noticed that most Uk or Usa people knows this film (so they can feed their racism)..to say the truth is not so well known in Italy... we got some other kind of "mafia movies" which are more near the real problem and dont brush all the italian people as to be linked with the mob.... First of all it seems very popular with the English speaking Italians. And it isn't popular in Italy because it is an English and not Italian speaking movie. The vast majority of American and English people are not racist so i don't really know where he has got that idea from! Thank You and good night :) FP- We break up for xmas in about 12 days i will like to watch it then!
What do you think about Italians? Hey there,I'm Italian and I was wondering what do you English people think about Italians; do you have any stereotypes about us? Such as.. Maybe something about the Mafia.. Or spaghetti.. Or something like that,I hope you're getting my point! I know that this question has already been asked,but the answers to it were not what I was looking for. I'm just curious about how we are seen by other countries. You know,for example you English people are known to be very calm and rational,and you're also famous for your tea at 5pm,of course :) That's the kind of things I'd like to know about! Oh,and please correct any mistake I might have made,thanks!
Is Cuisine Still Italian Even if the Chef Isn’t? Last month, a prestigious reviewer of restaurants and wine, sought out Rome’s best spaghetti carbonara and found it. It was made by a Tunisian (Chef Nabil Haj-Hassan) who's famous throughout Italy(among Italians and foreigners) for his Italian dishes. The runner up, was actually an Indian. Some argue that even if the dish tastes the same or even better, it's not Italian unless the cook is Italian. What do you think? Ref: New York Times, April 7, 2008, btw
History question: Who really invented the telephone? The Russians claim they did, so did the Italians while the Americans famous inventor, Alexander Graham Bell has been popularly credited with it. Who really did invent it? Has history rendered a final judgment on this?
Where do Americans get their perception of Spain from? Why do people always assume that Spain is the "darkest" of all Europe or something? That isn't common knowledge in Europe . Spaniards are actually the second fairest in Southern Europe next to France. Italians and Greeks are known to be the darker Europeans with more Moorish blood. Why do Americans keep getting this totally wrong? The Darker Spaniards like Antonio Banderas and Penelope Cruz are actually found to be pretty exotic in their own countries. They are actually quite rare which is why they are so famous. Most Spaniards look more like Jordi Molla, Javier Bardem, Leanor Watling and Antonio Banderas BEFORE he was all Latinized in America. I mean I just do not understand the confusion. Most of the famous Italians in America (Al Pacino, Ray Romano, Leah Remini, Ralph Macchio) are really dark and can even pass for Latinos, yet its somehow strange for Americans to think of Andy Garcia(Cuban) or Antonio Banderas as white! I am confused as to what Americans assume white to be? What do Americans associate "white" with? How come they would consider a Frenchman like Romain Duris white but not a Spaniard who looks just him? Also what about Argentinans and Cubans of Spanish/Italians decent?
Italian stuff?? Help meeeeeeeeee? ok well im in 7th grade and for an Italian project i have to research three famous italians. can you tell me what spelling and/or grammar mistakes there are? or anything else thats not right? Maria Montessori: Lei e nato trento agosto milleottocentosettanta. Chiaravalle(Ancona) Italia. Lei ha aiutato speciale bambini. Lei e altruista perche e lei amore bambini, e lei ha aiutato bambini Sandro Botticelli: Lui e nato millequattrocentoquarantaquattro. Florence, Italia. Lui ha dipinto Renaissance. Lui e audace e pensatore perche molto creativo l'arte. Angelo Siciliano/Charles Atlas Lui e nato milleottocentonovantadue. Acri, Italia Lui ha debole, poi e diventato forte! Lui ha creato YMCA, e ha aiutato persone. Lui e altruista perche e lui ha aiutato persone.
Who here is good at speaking Italian? ok well im in 7th grade and for an Italian project i have to research three famous italians. can you tell me what spelling and/or grammar mistakes there are? or anything else thats not right? Maria Montessori: Lei e nato trento agosto milleottocentosettanta. Chiaravalle(Ancona) Italia. Lei ha aiutato speciale bambini. Lei e altruista perche e lei amore bambini, e lei ha aiutato bambini Sandro Botticelli: Lui e nato millequattrocentoquarantaquattro. Florence, Italia. Lui ha dipinto Renaissance. Lui e audace e pensatore perche molto creativo l'arte. Angelo Siciliano/Charles Atlas Lui e nato milleottocentonovantadue. Acri, Italia Lui ha debole, poi e diventato forte! Lui ha creato YMCA, e ha aiutato persone. Lui e altruista perche e lui ha aiutato persone.
Haha doesn't Bartoli look like Lady Gaga before she was famous? They both are Italians, I wouldn't be surprised if they were related. Gaga before she was big: http://www.mtv.com/photos/the-evolution-of-lady-gaga/1626824/4418707/photo.jhtml Bartoli: http://images.google.com/images?hl=en&safe=off&um=1&q=marion+bartoli&sa=N&start=18&ndsp=18
Food, wine, art - Who's better, the French or the Italians? Both countries are famous for their cuisine, their culture, cheese, fashion, and other things. (lovely ladies!) Which do you prefer? (no France bashing)
Do you think that we Greeks, must ask the Italians give us our copyrights for the invention of pizza? Pizza, like so many other foods, did not originate in the country for which it is now famous. Unless you have researched the subject, you, like so many people, probably always thought Pizza was strictly an Italian creation. The foundations for Pizza were originally laid by the early Greeks who first baked large, round and flat breads which they "annointed with oil, herbs, spices and Dates." http://www.inmamaskitchen.com/FOOD_IS_ART/pizzahistory.html Miss USA 2009 yes, actually it was the Achaeans who discovered it in cave nearly 3200 years before. No, we didn't invented hamburger of course. We invent only healthy foods. Turks are maybe now kidding but they will be surprised when they will receive the ultimatum asking for our copyrights for baklava :D
Are there any other Italian homies out there? jk, but really? Practically my whole family was from Italy, are there famous celeb italians? If so who cuz that would b kewl. Sorry i am a little HYPER but still I am Italian, i will pick the best answer to this depending on who has this most italian spirit. ITALIO!!
Why to 55% of the public is John Lennon more famous than Paul McCartney (45% of the rest of the public)? Paul McCartney overall wrote more No. 1 hits as a Beatle than John Lennon. Paul McCartney wrote almost as many Beatles songs as John- mainly because in the very early years he was just developing his skills. After the split up, Paul McCartney was more successful as a solo artist than John Lennon. In 1979 while John Lennon was still alive Paul McCartney was voted as World's Most Successful Song-Writer. Why is it that Paul McCartney which carried with him the Beatles legacy since Lennon's death is less revered???? just like Constantinople which carried the Roman Empire's legacy for another 1,000 years after Rome's fell in 476 AD.......Was Constantinople's empire no less Roman than Rome's? Why did some Frenchmen have to term it Byzantine???? Citizenship to "Romans" belonged to all Italians, Romans, Greeks, many people in the empire.
Do you want to know the 2006 Dream Team of The Year? http://www.uefa.com/fanzone/teamoftheyear/news/newsid=497866.html And you know what Italians are the most famous (Buffon, Cannavaro and Zammbrotta.) Congrats to all
Quote "Braq & Michelle dinned at Chicago's Up-Scale Deep Dish" is calling Pizza Up Scale an economic indicator? Or more of a Black Gourmet gastronomy thing. I used to know Mrs Peacheoli that owned the famous Miami South Beach Italian Restaurant. She told me Italians were ashamed to eat Pizza in public during the depression because it was peasant food. Now it is Up Scale.
What do you think about..? Hi! i'm italian and i wanna know what american people think about those arguments [sorry for my english, i'm 14 and my english isn't good -.-] .. Britney Spears? I really love her music, I grew up with her music, here in Italy she's really famous, and italians love the new song Circus but nobody knows her first songs (Baby one more time, stronger..). What do you think about her? And what do u think about Gossip Girl? Yesterday I saw the first episode here in Italy, i really liked it! What's your opinion about it? Sorry for my english :S
The most racist user in this section? The nominations are: DUDE -famous quote- fuuck italy etc. TOUZOURS -famous quote- chaterazzi,italians are mafia, pizza,mobsters,cheaters, The Pope is italian, Zidane is God,Italians are evil -etc. YU5UF -famous quote- (See touzours quote) And the winner is: lavamen I give u an example.. germans: sauerkrauts or Wurst or nazis french:frogs or esargot or surrenders Italians:pizza or spaghetti or maccaroni's or mafia Stereotypes are ideas held by some individuals about members of particular groups, based solely on membership in that group. They are often used in a negative or prejudicial sense and are frequently used to justify certain discriminatory behaviors. the Stereotypes are often one of the racism components... do you remember how nazis have used Stereotypes through the anti-semitism propaganda.... http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6756.html pinky- No,It's sort of like the Razzies awards .. http://www.razzies.com/default.asp
Difference between Italian and Sicilian culture? I know Sicilian people are Italians but is there a BIG difference in Sicilian culture and the rest of Italy? How is their lifestyle compared to the rest of the Italian population? I mean do Sicilians have their own famous foods and such that's not the typical Italian style? I also heard that people who speak Italian like up North cant understand the Sicilian accent. Is that true? i know that some words are different but is there a huge difference in dialect?
did black people invent rap? im curious because its quite famous now. i mean ive seen Italians rap, puerto ricans rap, japanese people rap, indians rap, etc... if black people invented it, they did good..
Why it's that complicated chat with someone from Oslo? Hi everyone, I'm going to Oslo for a couple of days across the new year eve. I'll be with 2 friends of mine. We r all Italians around 27, and we r chefs of a famous restaurant in London. My request is a bit funny but.. I'll try! We would like to cook for someone in Oslo, some family or some group of friends for the new year dinner/lunch.. we have never been there and we just wonder if it's possible to share a bit of company.. thanks :)
How is live in America? Hello to all, alive in Italy, just to Lucca, a city of the Tuscany. My city and much beautiful one, are of the museums and ancient monuments and encircled give of wall. They are placed for boys and old, the city and truly much calm one, and encircled from trees and grass and not is palaces that exceed the fourth plan. And to little steps from the sea and Viareggio, Pisa and Florence, also we are encircled from mountains, where you turns c and n and one appeal to Me as city but l America fascinates to me very, here in Italy are worked too much, the life and monotona and the schools are not a big thing. Them from you like he lives himself, you tell something to me of beautiful, as an example here from we soccer and much famous one, nearly all the Italians eat the spagetti every day, but I not because of origin I would not be Italian, then that direci they are very many historical monuments and .............. enough, the boys am po sluices, the saturday I exit myself, pear tree the days of the week I remain sluices in house - __-, as me and UE UE is studied. I make the grammar school scentifico, from we not there am the uniforms, I do not know from you, the schools I am bruttine, mine not and a lot, but others and also the saturday is gone to school. I am using the translator, therefore you will not understand a lot to us
Battle over genetic coding...? Well me and my friend Dante, keep going over this battle... the all famous who is bigger... Blacks or Italians... I am 100% Sicilian Italian, while he is 75% Jamaican Decent... We finally came to a conclusion that it was all family genetics, until... We discovered Ancestry Genetics, then it came back to this battle. Any Ideas?
I need my work critique. I was wondering if someone could help me? A Love Story in Italy Many of times I have recollections of her hazel eyes, as a faint portrait of her face comes within view. Though I am far distant from her now, it is not little that I think of her. Often, on serene summer nights I ponder that once kept intrigue; the captivation that held me within a dreamless ecstasy. Across the constant movement of thought still lies her silhouette, and in the sea of twilight, at the drifting of a cool aromatic breeze I dream Ella. As I recall I first met her on a visit to the small Italian city of Naples. Although it had been some years ago, I still remember just how she looked then. The vivid scene is still on my mind. From the beginning I never fancied encountering her for the search of adventure ran profuse in my mind. As a tourist I wanted to get out and explore my surroundings. Since I had a month away from school back in the United States, I thought this would be the perfect opportunity to learn something new. My tourist guide, a man by the name of John Reynolds, apparently a middle aged man with a small stature… having a noticeable bald spot on the top of his head… gray shrieks of hair remaining on each side, led a small group including myself. All of the individuals present were guest with me at Italy’s finest lodgings and resorts. On our arrival to the country and after settling in the luxurious Grand Hotel Excelsior Victoria we became acquainted. Instant friendships were formed thereafter; and the camaraderie was prevalent among us at the commencement of the tour. As everyone gathered about Mr. Reynolds you could sense a controlled excitement pervading the group. We all wanted to see what lied ahead. However, our tourist guide made certain those other persons were in attendance prior to beginning. At last, the tour started. Through villages and at times up hills we followed our conductor. Coming to one particular vicinity in which possessed an unusual quaintness, the group observed the details of the place. I particularly noticed the occupied houses elevated on hills. The streets were also rather small, I wondered how most people there were able to make their daily commute in cars. Upon passing historical sites Mr. Reynolds stopped everyone to explain this aspect of our exploration. I quickly learned the irony involved with such a peaceful and beautiful city. It was pretty much created in the midst of various wars, yet from all outward appearances you could never tell. Proceeding ahead there were a menagerie of villages and public eating areas becoming quite visible to us. Fully within the limits of the small assortment of brown buildings everyone decided to stop for a bite to eat. I wasn’t the least bit of surprise when all in the group wanted pizza. This was the top choice for tourist, although I have heard the Italians never really invented this famous dish. As we all agreed the restaurant most likely suitable for us, there was no hesitation to repair to the place of our choosing. When we reached the area we were about to walk in, I was the last in the group; however, before entering my attention was suddenly arrested. It was on a balmy Monday when I first fastened my eyes hard upon her. I thought to myself she could be no more than twenty years of age, Ella that is. Her eyes met mine as she smile to indicate a subtle attraction. She had been working in her father’s olive shop that day, apparently standing outside waiting on someone. I just had to talk to her. I wanted to know if she was involved in a relationship, and if not I thought, maybe she would be disposed to taking me for a friend. I distant myself from the group I had heretofore been keeping company with to approach her. She seemed like a perfect vision, and I yearned to converse with this delicate rose of a bouquet, this fallen gem that somehow slipped from heaven’s richest palace. Of the sunlight that fell across her hair… the dye from henna leaves accentuating her long tresses… reflected from her a tint of red slightly varied. The yellow nylon dress of viola décor against her smooth caramel skin, lined every curve on her body. The black high hill shoes laced around her perfect feet, her toenails elegantly painted_ as if by a skillful pedicurist_ complemented all too well the eye shadow across her eyelids. She held me captive, this topaz jewel. When I got to where she was standing I introduced myself and she reciprocated by telling me her name was Ella. I then asked if she was waiting for her boyfriend, again she smiled, and told me she was to meet her girlfriend, I sighed for relief. Ella was not slow in perceiving that I was a foreign presence, yet because of my mixed heritage she assumed that I was from South America instead of the United States. We engaged in close converse each word deepened into shades of romance, and at the nuance of body movements I could see there was starting to develop an intense kind of passion. A golden thread of undisclosed feelings almost tangible to the soul, I envisioned. The conversation was natural, and it seemed like we had known each other for a long time. I asked Ella her age as she confirmed what I already knew. Both she and I were the same age. For about thirty minutes Ella and I talked when suddenly interrupted, her father called her to come back into the shop. He had caught sight at what was happening, and from the disapproval in his voice, he did not want me exchanging words with his daughter. She hurried away, but before she left she whispered to meet her at a certain place in the evening. I was surprised, yet I made a gesture by shaking my head to let her know I understood her. I then again joined the company I had been with since the early morning. The sun had fully risen, it’s rays fell on the villages surrounding the public areas. When I entered the Italiano Restaurant I had a smile stretched across my face. My fellow tourist began to jest concerning me. It was evident from the chuckles and laughs that they knew what was going on as it regarded Ella and I. There was no offense taken because as fate would have it, I was falling in love, or was already in love. After stopping for a pizza our guide showed us more views of the tranquil country of Naples. Finally ending our tour, all made their way back to the hotel. Upon arriving, everyone separated to return to their rooms. The schedule to view more sights in Naples was set for later that evening. It did not take long before the twilight fell across the sky. Many who had not attended the exploration earlier now was present. The group I was among went a second time, and this for educational purposes. As for me I decided to take a shower and freshen up, I had a date. Following my evening meal I went to meet Ella. I met her in a public area unlike the one I saw her in earlier. There she was her long flowing hair gently lying on her back. Just like before she did not lack in beauty, as it was obvious to me the intoxication of symmetry ravished my heart. This one moment we spent together led to more, and the days were not few before she graced my lips with hers. I was transfixed in the romance that had taken control, while the many sunsets bathed in flaming orange the wide Venice river we sailed upon. She bedazzled me by one touch of her hand, and her fingertips dripped with eloquence on moonlit streams. It was in secret from Ella’s father we came in each other’s presence. From what she told me he did not like me because I did not come from a pure Italian line, and therefore detested me. Although the intrigue from the beginning was a taboo, I endeavored to beguile the time by holding her in a caress embrace. Ella and I chose to ignore the old traditions of her father that once threatened love; and notwithstanding him forbidding our keeping company, we saw each other that much more. Though it was premature, yet mutual her and I wanted to marry. I desired her for my wife, but how could I pass this ethnic demarcation? To elope seemed like the more preferred choice between her and I. The month had become shorter since I arrived in Italy, and I was soon to leave back home. Being in Ella’s company was amazing. As it was our amusement the time we spent with each other we would escape to the countryside to the villa that her father owned. There in the heat of noon I would lay her Across the fragrant scented bed, and make love to her, it seemed endlessly while her body trembled from impassioned feelings most profound. When all had ended, she would recline her head on my chest, her breast that hung as grapes relaxed close to me also. Far the time was spent. In our realization of this, we Made our way back to the city in the open square. Strange I had no inkling of a thought that on one particular night our separation would not be like the rest, but end in a sad irony unpredicted. The month in Naples Italy brought wedding bells in the sweetest vision, yet the expectation was to be disappointed. As nightfall settled in, and while sitting in the frequented places of Italy where lovers go to enjoy a secret rendezvous Ella and I held each other freely in the evening air. Gazing into the starry sky entwined in silence, we eventually closed our eyes in a lover’s tide. Suddenly the romantic moment was interrupted as Ella began to distance herself from me. As I opened my eyes, I met hers filled with much consternation. Looking over my head behind me, she seemed to be speechless. I turned to see what her eyes averted to, and to my surprise, it was her father approaching us hurriedly, his face flushed with anger. Taking her by the hand, he reprimanded her for disobeying him in interacting with one whom he uttered was not a thoroughbred. He then warned me to stay away from his daughter. I tried to reason with him, but he became even more irrational. Finally, all alone in complete silence, I sorrowfully watched him lead her away, until both passed from out of sight. I never saw Ella again. Although I made visits to her home, it was of no avail. Her father’s servant told me either she was not present, or preoccupied with house cleaning. At length after irritating her father with my constant yearning to see her, I was finally told not to come back on pain of death. I left Italy without hope of ever seeing Ella or communicating with her while away. I had no enthusiasm in returning to the United States, for I felt I had left a piece of Me behind. Six years has passed since I last seen Ella though, and often she crosses my Mind. In the gloaming when I glean the breath of solitude, I pensively stare into the sky Wondering if she thinks of me as I her. Azure hue intermingled with a soft red glow Across the distance and nights in Naples Italy with my beloved will never be effaced from My thoughts, for I will always remember sweet Ella.
Have you got Italian friends? Hi guys, I'm an Italian living in Dublin, Ireland, Europe. I'm looking for Italians in the U.S. to find my relatives. My great-uncle left Italy many years ago; I've heard (from my aunts) that he became a famous fashion designer...but not that famous to come back home! :P Can you help me?
Are Turks and Italians, Turkey and Italy similar? Which cities of respective countries would be a match? Please listen to this famous Turkish song (Ey ozgurluk) sang by Turkish and Italian kids on RAI Uno: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pUktUiepKM&feature=related Did you like it?
inventor school project ideas? I'm doing a project on famous inventors,and i can choose anything in the world and research on the person who invented it... I kinda wanted to choose someone who is italian because my teacher and she just loves anything to do with italians so what should i research on.. (remember it can be any invention in the world) like: Icecream telephone barbie doll.. computer etc I want it kinda to be unique that no one else would think of..
Concerning Italian people I went to the mall today to buy a couple of things for college, and the cashier had an interesting skin color...I mean, it was kinda tanned. So, I asked him what his ethnic origin was, and he laughed, saying he got asked that a lot and then saying that he was Italian. But....he looked sort of Hispanic to me. So......why is it that some Italians have a distinctly different look from other white ethnicities? AKA-The English and French look plain white, but some Italians have sharp features and look mixed-raced at times. Like the Gotti guys : http://media.photobucket.com/image/gotti boys/brittx3ll/gotti_boys.jpg?o=2 http://media.photobucket.com/image/gotti boys/carminesgodess/carmine gotti/add3434547575kjkjjk.jpg?o=106 http://media.photobucket.com/image/gotti boys/MrsCena826319/famous ppl/Gotti Boyz/boys.jpg?o=111
are most Italian men attracted to balck women.......? not only the famous actor De Niro, but other italian men.Many Italians I know date black women.And another example when Italians colonized Ethiopia, they breed like crazy with Ethiopian women....So are Italian men attracted to black women?
The Italian Immigrants? Hello everyone, I am working on this project about Italian Immigrants in the 1900's I would like to know about Famous Italian Canadians and their achievements, And what the Italians contributed to the Canadian culure. I would like to have this as soon as possible Thanks so much <3
hello guys? hello boys are a girl Italian I just wanted them to know if you are famous melody fall and finley.sono 2 bands Italians who love very much and I just wanted to know if they were known abroad. a kiss
"old McDonald has a farm" the Italian version? Hey guys, my dear Italians .. there is an italian version of the famous "Old McDonald has a farm".. I used to see it when I was a child, although I wasn't able to understand a word, but I liked it a lot.. now I need to refresh my childhood memories.. so I searched for it everywhere, no success.. I think people speaking the same language as the song can do that easily.. For those that do not know the clip.. here is a link to a version "that I found, and i'm not searching for" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5KAN90L37M4 I hope to find the version that was in the garden - or even on the theater performed by little kids like the one in the song "VOLA VOLA" .. any help??????
Pizza origin... American-Italian?? I've eared from some American that they believe pizza is an American invention... my question is: if first pizza in America was near 1940 and in Italy was already famous (in 1890 was cooked for Queen Margherita of Italy)...how it could be possible? did Italians invented a "time machine" in 1890?? Give me your historically evidence... PS: in 1890 when King and Queen (Margherita) visited Naples in their honour was made a pizza coverd by colours of Italian flag : green( by basil), white(by mozzarella) and red (by tomatoes)... this is my evidence of course FIRST discovery of America in Europe didn't exist tomatoes... but in Italy there are different kinds of pizza that you don't know... ex: Focaccia( hasn't tomatoes), pizza ripiena (filled)... but it exist too a soft pizza with just tomatoes (red pizza) that is sell in bakery ...
Did you ever see Mount Vesuvius smoking? Morning all. 9.43AM here is Brisbane and sunny day.Thought you might like this, it is true. While we were hicthiking around Europe, we were in Rome. We heard that Mount Vesuvius was starting to pour out smoke. We decided it would be "fun" (you are stupid, when you are 19!), so we took off to Naples. One thing, that always remains in my memory, is the amazing site of four American Navy ships sailing into Naples, all the crew were on deck in formation, and it was just great to watch it.(Goosebump time). Back to Vesivius. We climbed the side, not too far, and the rocks were very, very hot, and it sure was pouring smoke. Italians were ruuning down, we were going up. I am limited to characters! But then we decided that while we were in Naples, we should go and see the Isle of Capri, and the famous blue Grotto. So we hopped on the ferry and went across. Landed on Capri, and it was breathtaking. NOW SEE MY QUESTION ON "THE MERMAIDS WHO GREW LEGS.
Revise My Essay Please? Aquitaine is a region of France whose wine production and agriculture are cardinally significant to Frances economy. France relies eminently on Aquitaine because it is a primary source for France’s exports. Aquitaine’s paramount interests are in cattle, forestry, and wine production. Aquitaine attracts tourists because of its wineries, farms, and ravishing coasts. A notorious tourist attraction is Biarritz. Biarritz features beautiful castles and gorgeous beaches. Aquitaine’s total area covers 7.6% of France. Aquitaine consists of fourteen major communities, one of which is Bordeaux (the largest wine region in France). Bordeaux has over 13,000 grape growers and earns 14.5 billion dollars annually. Victor Hugo once described this beautiful region as “take Versailles, add Antwerp, and you have Bordeaux.” Aquitaine also has a wide variety of cultures. Not only does this region have French but it also has Italians, Spaniards, Portuguese, Germans and North Africans. Aquitaine’s population ranks fifth in France with 1,200,000 inhabitants. Aquitaine is located along the European Atlantic coast in the Southwest of France. This region is accessible by both TGV and airplane. Aquitaine is the most famous red wine-producing region in the world. These red wine regions include Pomerol, Saint-Emilion, Graves and the Médoc. From white and red wines to brandy, Bordeaux produces it. Along with its many alcohols, Aquitaine is also famous for its food. Some food products in this area include pâtés, truffles, cassoulet, and Canelés. Aquitaine is unique because each region produces a different product making Aquitaine one of the richest sellers in all of France.
What do you people think? We had to complete an assignment one time and choose a song that could have two meanings… So, I chose this song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDamHWbR9EM See how it talks about scoring a goal in soccer yet at the same time… it talks about scoring a goal in life generally. Kind of cool? Or was this question rather pointless? :p ha. And while I’m at it… do you people like Eiffel 65? Or is it only the Italians who like them? Because I love them even if they aren't famous in North America. Thanks for any comments =)
Where can I find information on 20th Century Italian Artists? I have a painting and I need help with the name.? I bought an Oil Painting when I was stationed in Gaeta Italia in 2002. It is a beautiful painting of Gaeta at night from across the bay with Italian Fishing boats, and if anyone knows anything about Gaeta , the Italians call it the "Sleeping Dragon" because of the way the Mountain and Peninsula look from far away. Anyways when I bought it, my friend Desiree (Italian Woman) told me that the painter was semi famous but he was very old. And I know this is morbid and do not wish Ill upon anyone innocent , but when Semi Famous Painters die, they can become more Famous and more valuable. Well I am wanting to know if there are any special Art Sites that I can use to look up Italian Oil Painters. I have tried googling the name (or at least how I interpret the name) but have not come up with anything. It looks like this (Aboddin T or F), or (Abaldin T or F) or something along those lines. If you know anything about the Painter or how I can find info please help.
From now on people living in this country shall NOT be called Americans and I will tell you why? American is a name derived from an ITALIAN named amerigo vespuccui therefore ITALIANS ARE THE rreal and rightful owners of that name!one more for the good guy I amaze even myself etc amerigo is italian as a famous leader or key figure from a persons orgin of nationality should be attributed for um adolfians maybe to the germans ah king davidians to the jews and so Now since this is my own original idea no one shall have permission to copyright my idea in case this ever goes to the courts
i need help with language (second one)? okay this one is verb, adverb, preposition or a conjunction 1. i read an interesting article ABOUT the great italian composer giuseppe verdi 2. born near parma the son of a grocer he STUDIED music locally but was rejected by the prestigious milan conservatory 3. HOWEVER he persevered and when he was 26 his first opera was accepted by the famous la scala opera house 4. SHORTLY afterward personal tragedy hit him hard and he nearly gave up 5/ the success OF his next opera nabucco inspired him to continue 6. verdi an italian patriot SOON became a symbol of italys struggle for unity 7. he was admired NOT only for his operas but also for his political career 8. in fact he was EVENTUALLY eleced a senator in the new parliament of the united italy 9. at the same time he WAS becoming famous for operatic masterpieces such as la traviata rigoletto and aida 10. guiseppe verdi was SO admired by his fellow italians that a preiod of national mourning was declared following his death 11. SOME even made it to the top before noon 12. they bought SOME omatoes and peppers in the market 13. the lion cuvs waited their turn FOR an adult lion was drinking at the water hole 14. these large tired are made expically FOR that kind of mountain bicycle 15. every mourning fran goes out for a RUN 16. my doctor recommended that i RUN in moderation 17. i wanted to nap SO i went home early 18. the dogs were SO excited that one of them knocked over the coat rack 19. i enjoyed walking ALONG ipanema beach in rio 20 come ALONG its time to go
Does this facts prove that greeks are stolling Macedonian history?? Macedonia and Alexander were never greeks? Documents of the Continued Existence of Macedonia and the Macedonian Nation for a period of over 2500 years What follows are documents that speak of the continued existence of Macedonia and of the Macedonian nation through the last 25 centuries. Macedonia is clearly distinguished from Greece (Hellas), Thrace, Illyria, Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Macedonians are likewise distinguished as distinct nation from the Greeks, Thracians, Illyrians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, as nation which continued to exist and survive trough the centuries (makedonika.org). 500 B.C. - 500 A.D. Macedonia and the Macedonians as distinct nation in the works of the ancient Greek, Roman, and Jewish historians, as well in the works of the modern German, French, English, American historians. 586 A.D. From the "Miracles of St. Demetrius of Salonika, I ": "...For if one was to imagine them in a heap, not only the Macedonians gathered in Salonika... Certainly he who inspired the Macedonians with courage..." Mirac. I, 13, p.1285-14; 1313 758-759 A.D. From the Chronographia of Theophanes the Confessor "That year Constantine plundered the Sclavinii throughout Macedonia and subjugated the rest." Theoph., I, p.430, 21-22. From the Chronographia Tripertita by Anastasius Bibliothecarius: "In the eighteenth year of his reign, Constantine enslaved the Sclavinii of Macedonia and he subjugated the rest." A. B., p.282, 20-21. 8th Century From Strabonos Epithomatus: "And now, in that way almost all of Epirus, Hellada, the Peloponnese and Macedonia have also been settled by the Skiti-Slavs." C. Muller, Geographi graeci minores, Paris 1882, p.574. 821-823 A.D. From the letter of Michael II to the honorable Ludwig: "Thomas...having gathered our barges and dromon, had the opportunity to arrive in (some) parts of Thrace and Macedonia." Mansi, Michaelis Belbi et Theophilii....Florentinae, 1759 904 From On the Capture of Salonika by John Cametinae: "...I introduce you to the same, the great and the first city of the Macedonians..." J.K. Begunov, Kozma Prezviter v slavjanskih literaturah, Sofia 1976, p. 297 First half of 10th C. From On the Themes by Constantine Porphyrogenitus: "... So from a kingdom Macedonia turned into a province and now it has reached the position of a theme and strategy." C. Porfirogenito, De thematibus, Citta del Vaticano, 1952. 986 From the History of Leo the Deacon: "...since they robbed the region of the Macedonians mercilessly, destroying all adults.". Leonis Diaconi Historiae, Paris 1864, p. 311. 1041 From the Annals of Bari: "...he had already written to Sicily from where the unfortunate Macedonians, Paulicians and Calbrians arrived." G.H. Pertz, Annales Barenses, Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores V, p.53. 1064 From the Chronicle of John Zonaras: "The Uzians...invaded Macedonia and plundered it, and reached Hellada". Ioannis Zonorae Epitomae historiarum, Vol. VIII, Ed. Th. Buttner-Wobst, Bonnae 1897, p.678. 1072-1073 From the History of Necephorus Vryenius: "...for the Scythians were carrying out sudden attacks in Thrace and Macedonia." Nicephori Bryenii commentarii, Ed. A. Meicke, Bonnae 1836, p.100, 102. 1083-1085 From De expeditione Yerosolymitana by Radulfo Cadonis: "...Beomund Guiscard sailed across the Adriatic and occupied Macedonia." Tancredi in expeditione Yerosolymitana ....Paris, 1854, p.499. c. 1106 From the letter of Theophylactes of Ohrid to Gregorius Camaterus: "...do not retain such a man in the narrow regions of our Macedonia...". Theophylacti, col. 496, B-C. Beginning of 12th Century From the Byzantine satire Timarion: "The day of Saint Demetrius in (Salonika) is as great a festival as the Panathinei in Athens or Panionii in Miletus; it is a grand Macedonian celebration in which not only the Macedonian people gather, but people of all sorts and from all directions: Greeks from different regions of Hellada, the Mizian tribes...". Vizantiiski Vremenik, Moscow VI 1953, p. 367. 1185 "Woe, woe, the city of Salonika is captured, I say, the metropolis of the Macedonians." Ephraimi Chronologici caesares; Ed. J.P. Migne - PG 143 , Paris 1891, p.198. Beginning of 13th C. From the synod records of the Ohrid Archibishopric: "Ioannis Ierakar by birth Macedonian". J. Pitra, Analacta sacra et classica specilegio Solesmensi parta, t. VI Juris ecclesiastici graecorum selecta paralipomena. Parissis et Romae 1891, col. 315. 1246 Ser was one a large city, but the Bulgarian Ivan had demolished when besieging it and other Macedonian cities. Georgii Acropolitae Opera, Recensuit A. Haisenberg vol. I, Lipsiae 1903, p.74-75, 77 1282-1321 ...that king's alliance is certain and unanswering, just as long as he can settle near to Macedonia. While he was spending his time on these (matters), the protostrator Theodore Sinadinus, once freed from the West, arrived in Byzantium. He governed Prilep, the neighbouring regions and the lower Macedonian towns. Ioan Cantacuzeni Historiarum libri IV, Ed. J.P.Migne - PG Paris 1866, p.94 1305 At the battle of Apros in 1305 there were five syntaxeis, differentiated by ethnicity: the Alans and Tourkopouloi in the van, followed by the Macedonians, the Anatolians, the Vlach infantry and the Thelematarioi. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.256 1326 ...I beleive you know that Strimon...is the largest of all those that biscet Thrace and Macedonia... Nicephore Gregoras, Correspondence. Paris 1927, p.30-50. Middle 14th C. ...Stefan became king of the Tribals. After he had set off from the region of the Ionian Sea, he razed Epidamnus to the ground, went into Macedonia and made Skopje the capital... The king left the city of Skopje, taking with him men experienced in battle and a strong army and subordinated to his rule the places in the vicinity of Kastoria. Then having moved camp, he subjugated all of Macedonia, except for Terma... Laonici Chalcocondiae Historiarum. Ed. J. P. Migne - PG t.CLIX (Paris, 1866) col. 36, B-37, C. 1349 (Code of) the honorable and Christ-loving Macedonian Tsar Stefan, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dalmation, Arbanasian, Hungarian Wallachian and indipendent ruler of many other regions and lands... Lj. Stojanovic, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi. Knj. III, Beograd 1905, p. 41 (nbr.4949). Middle of the 14th C. A Slav inscription from the church of St. George at Upper Kozjak in which a man called Bratan signs himself as being from Macedonia. Z. Rosolkovska-Nikolovska, Crkvata Sv. Georgi vo Goren Kozjak vo svetlinata na novite ispituvanja - Zbornik "Kiril Solunski", Kn. I, Skopje, MANU 1970, p. 222. 15th C. I remember the great subordination under which the Turk holds the emperor in Constantinople and all the Greeks, Macedonians and Bulgarians....As I said earlier, there are many Christians who are forced to serve the Turk, such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians, Esclavinians, Rasians and Serbians... Bertrand de la Brocuiere, Putovanje preko mora, Beograd 1950, p.134-135, 140-141. 13th Century - 15th Century Byzantine historians of the Palaiologan period (13th Century - 15th Century) rarely make any distinction more specific then "Thrace" and "Macedonia". Thus we read of the "Thracians" and "Macedonians", the "Thracian and Macedonian armies", the "army" or "forces from Thrace and Macedonia"… For these historians the border between the two areas was the Nestos River or Kavalla. To the west was Macedonia to the east was Thrace. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.65 1461-1462 When the enemy forces are battered, no one doubts that the whole of Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Greece or Attica and the Peloponnese will return to the faithful....Inspired by this example the Thessalians, the Greeks, the Poloponnesians, the Epirans and the Macedonians will all rebel and will win ... Jovan Radonic, Gjurac Kastriot Skenderbeg i Arbanija u XV veku - Spomenik XCV (1942), p. 128-129. August 8th, 1470. The Sultan stopped and spent the night ...in afield that represented the Macedonian border...The River Vardar is nearby, which flows through Macedonia...of which some are Greeks, others Macedonians, Wallachs and even Italians, as well as other nations....Greeks and Macedonians live there... Gio Mario degli Angiolelo, A. Matkovski i P. Angelkova, Nekolku kratki patopisi za Makedonija, Glasnik na INI, VXI/1 (1972), p. 246-247. 1557 ...It is located in Thessaly, which borders on Macedonia, where the plague has reduced much of the population... Nbljudeni na mnozhestvo redki i zabelezhitelni neshta, videni v Grcija, Azija, Judea, Egipet, Arabia i drugi chuzhdi strani ot Pierre Belon d'Man, Sofia 1953, p.132-133; Frenski patepisi za Balkanite, XV-XVIII v. Sofia 1975, p. 95-98. 1566 ...called Jakov; I laboured for much time and many years for this work (in order to contribute) to the holy books. I came out of Macedonia, my fatherland, and I entered.... Lj. Stojanovich, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi I, p. 203-204. 1579 German ruler Rudolph II to the Pope: ..the deliverer of this letter, don Petar Crnovic...born in Salonika and the other parts of Macedonia... A. Theiner, Vitera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium illustrantia. II. Zagrabiae 1875, p. 70. 1589 Gavril, Archbishop of Ohrid to Archduke Ferdinand of Habsburg: ...the Turk, who from day to day has pursued and blackmailed us and our ancestors ....in the whole of Macedonia, Greece and the nearby countries...then among our countries we have Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Oltenia... Landesregierungsarchive - Innsbruck, VI 50. 1593 Project by Alexander Komulovic to expel the Ottomans from the Balkans ...In other parts of Epirus and Macedonia almost all are Christians of the Greek ritual... Biblioth. Barberiana cod. mnc. LVIII, 33, - Starine (Zagreb), Knj. XIV (1882), p. 86-87. August 11th, 1607 The Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, sends his own man of trust to Macedonia. ...who had arrived from Albania and Macedonia... V. Makrusev, Istoriski spomenici Juznih Slovena i okolnih naroda, Beograd 1882, p. 297-299. April 6-24, 1618 (Senato Secreta. 337. Macedonia) ...The nobility of Macedon do not wish to have anything to do with the king of Spain... Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice and other libraries in Northern Italy, London 1864, Vol XV, p. 201-202. 1624 A letter from Pope Urban VIII to the Archbishop of Ohrid, Porphyrius Palaelogus To the respected brothers Porphyrius Paleologus, Patriarch of Justiniana Prima of Ohrid and the other subordinate archbishops, bishops of Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania and of the other side of Macedonia. A. Theiner, Vetera monumenta Slavorum II, (Zagrebiae 1875), p. 123. 1690 Manifesto of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I to the Nations of the Balkans ...Therefier we kindly call all the people who live throughout Albania, Servia, Mysia, Bulgaria, Silistria, Illyria, Macedonia and Rashka... J. Radonjic and M. Kostic, Srpske privilegije od 1690 do 1792. SAN, Posebna izdanja CCXXV, Beograd 1954, p. 26-27. April 26th, 1690 Letter of protection from Leopold I. ...This is to inform you that two Macedonians, Marko Kraida born in Kosana and Dimitri Georgi Popovic, born in Macedonian Salonika, have told us that the Macedonian people, with respect for our most righteous task, with devotion and zeal towards our service....we graciously accept them under our imperial and royal mercy and in any case and way the above mantioned Macedonian people, cordially recommending to each and all of our willing commanders not to attack the Macedonian people....Issued in Vienna, April 26th, 1690. Representatives: defenders of the Macedonian people.... J. Radonic, Prilozi za istoriju Srba u Ungarskoj u XVI, XVII and XVIII veku. Knj. I, Matice srpske, nbr 25 and 26, Novi Sad 1908, p. 52-53. 1704 The French treveller and writer Paul Luca on Macedonia ...and hour after midnight for Kavalla, which is six miles away and once was a large Macedonian city by the sea coast. We should note that almost all the villages in Macedonia are full of Christians and there are few Turks. A. Matkovski and P. Angelakova, Patuvanjata na francuskiot petepisec Pol Luka niz Makedonija od 1704 do 1714-Istorija v/2 (1969). p. 101. End of 18th C. Reports by the French Consul in Salonika, Felix de Beaujour, about Macedonia. The pashalik of Salonika includes the whole of Lower Macedonia and covers 700 sq. miles....it must be noted that here I am only speaking about the most populated part of Macedonia; since Upper Macedonia and Epirus are less populated....In Macedonia, as in Poland, the peasants die from hunger, while the masters live in abundance of gold... Felix de Beaujour, Voyage militaire dans l'Empire Othoman, I, Paris 1829, p. 127-128. n.1; p.130, 132. 1821 Macedonians pertecipate in the Romanian uprising ...At that time there was a man they called Sludzar Todor who urged all the foreigners (mostly Macedonians) to rebel against the boyar... Marko K. Cepenkov, Makedonsko narodno tvoreshtvo, Kn. X, Skopje 1972, p.308 1846 ...I learnt the Slav alphabet from my father Makedonski, who calls himself so because we are Macedonians, and not Greeks.... Georgija Makedonski, Bogosluzhbena kniga "Opshti minej" - vo crkvata vo s. Radibush, Kriva Palanka, posledna nepagirana stranica. 1851 Bulgarian Comments on the language of J.H. Dzinot ...May the inhabitants of Skopje and those who speak similarly forgive me, but they do not understand our language and cannot speak either... "Bolgarski", Tsarigradski Vestnik, nbr. 55 (6.X.1851, p. 19). 1858 Education in Veles ....Archbishop Antim declared to his peers that all peoples have been enlightened by the Greeks and so it is necessary that Greek should be taught in the schools of Veles, and not Macedonian, since the children alrady know their own language from their home... J. N. Iz Velesa u Makedoniji: Srbski Dnevnik, nbr. 44 (1858) (according to Branislav Vraneshevic, Vojvodinska javnost, p. 320-321). 1865 A note from the priest Demetrius: In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, I, priest Demetrius, was born in the village of Ogut, in the Kriva Palanka region. and held the services in my native village, when in the year of our Lord 1848, the champions of the town of Kriva Palanka employed me as a priest against the will of His Grace, the Greek priest Kir Gavrail. Mr. Mikhail Makedonski interceded most in favor of my appointment, because I'm a Macedonian by birth and hold the services in the Slav language. Such was the Fate of my fatherland Macedonia, to suffer from the Greeks, so that they will not give us peace even today, although everyone knows that Macedonia is an older state then their kingdom. We had our own Slav educators, Cyril and Methodius, who left us our Slav alphabet. They were Macedonians born in Salonika, the glorious capital of Macedonia. Our Greek bishop does not admit this, so we do not want him to be our priest, but we want to have our own arch-priest, a Slav, for time everlasting. Amen. Zapis vo knigata Zitie Svetih vo Krivopalaneckata crkva. Pretposledna nepagirana strana. January 28, 1867 To the Editor of "Makedonija" newspaper: ...The Greeks and the greacomans have met the newspaper with sorrow, since they always tried to hellenize the Macedonians, destroying also the Archibishopric of Ohrid -The Spark of Our Future. Yet, however hard they have tried to stop us from making progress, they could not entirely uproot the feelings of the Macedonians that they are Macedonians. T.I. Kusev, Makedonija, Istanbul, Nbr. I (1/28/1867) March 25, 1870 ...lets us consider those of the present Macedonians who blinded by concealed glow of Hellenic wisdom, accept that they should scorn and revoke their own nationality...the time seems opportune for me to exclaim:Ah, how far away the time really is when Hellas, as everybody calls her today, was subjected to Macedonian authority... Stefan Zahariev, Chitalishte, Istanbul, I/7, 1871, p.214-216. November 30, 1870 ...A teacher named Mr. Shapkarevic...has come to visit me...the same day the books you had sent me...arrived. But as soon as he saw them he said that they should not be taught in the Macedonian schools, since they were in the Bulgarian dialect; and that we should take his books which are in the Macedonian dialect... Pravo of 10/30/1870 (according to B. Koneski, Kon Makedonskata prerodba, p.68). February 1874 A letter from P.R. Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch: Your Grace, I arrived in Salonika on the evening of the 14th of last month (January 1874). I immediately went to meet all the important local people and some others from the other Macedonian towns. My aim was to gather information as son as possible on what was to be necessary for the succes of the mission with which you had entrusted me. I first met Father Averkij Zografski, and the following day Father Petar Dimitrov as well, the local president of the community. I may inform you, Your Grace, that the wind from here, from Salonika, blows and scatters to all sides. These two clergyman, to my mind, are the leaders of the movement fot the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, although one should not neglect Ohrid and to certain extent Bitola, Veles and Skopje either. The Uniate movement here is not without roots, as they think in Constantinople, especially His Grace, Count Ignatiev. During the time I have been in Macedonia I have ascertained the same we had formerly known and written three years ago. Now, as then or twenty years ago, we are dealing with the Macedonian question. In talks with few Macedonian "patriots" I have understood that this movement, which had been only bare words till a few years ago, is now clear and precise thought - "The Macedonians are not Bulgarians" and they persistenly strive, regardless of the price, to obtain a separate church of their own. They also have the support in their separatism of smoe high clergyman in Constantinople, especially His Grace Nathaniel Ohridski, Panariot Plovdivski, and Archimandrite Hariton Karpuzov. I have understood this month from reliable sources that there are letters which arrive every day from Constantinople to the Salonika community, and are then sent to the other communities in the provinces. The letters are written in this spirit. One such letter, which the Salonika community sent to the community of Voden, calls upon the inhabitants of Voden to break off all their relations with theExarchate until the Macedonian Church question is settled, because "now is the moment". Mr. Kuzman Shapkarev from Ohrid, who is well known to us, has done a great deal to spread the idea of the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid; he consatnly travels between Kukish and Ohrid and v.v., but at whose expanse, I do not know. Mr. Dimitar Makedonski, "the Macedonian textbook writer", is no less active, reciving salary as a teacher from the Exarchate and from local Lazarists. Owing to such unreasonable sermons by the Macedonian patriots that the church question has been settled only in favor of the Bulgarians, there is discontent among the people towrds the eparchies of th4 Danube and Adrianople vilayets as well as envy because of the earlier awakening of the Bulgarians. One can especially feel a great resistance against the East Bulgarian variant in literature. A general impression is that the local people think that the Macedonians have been done a great harm with the settlement of the church question in favor of the Danubian and Thracian Bulgarians. This discontent has already grown into distrust of the Exarchate and its higher echalons. and there is an attitude formed that the local Macedonian dialect should be declared a literary language and a Macedonian hiearchy established. Great attention, Your Grace, should be paid to His Grace Nathaniel, who promised the local people taht as soon as he comes to his eparchy he will take steps for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. He seems to be connected with the Macedonian craftsman in Constantinople, among whom he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate. For their own part they inform their own people in Macedonia about this. It causes great discontent here. Consequently, separatism has its roots in the secret circle of Constantinople. If you press them there, the commotion wil calm down here. Silence the trumpet, there won't be any echo! The question of Father Nil is a highly delicate one, because he has barricaded himself in Kukush and does not want to return. His ambition seems to have made him to this. He stuffed his head with the thought of becoming the Archbishop of Ohrid ar at least Metropolitan of Salonika. As an Exarchate delegate he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate as the " most informed person". He decribes the Exarchate to the people as indifferent and passive in saving the Macedonian population from Greek spiritual slavery. Father Nil, who proved to be completely immature, seems to be a hireling of the highest Turkish vilayet authorities. However, his disobidiance to his headquarters began at the moment when he was summoned to return to Constantinople. Instead of obeying orders, he remained waiting there. His disobidiance also comes as a result of the suggestions that have been arriving from Constatinople. He maintains constant relations with Bishop Panaret and Nathaniel especially with the latter, who has suggested he stay in Macedonia until he gets an appointment for Ohrid and arrives in Macedonia. I think that Father Nil should be cast out of Macedonia at any cost and sent to Constatinople, because he is dangerous here. He already acts under the protection of the local Lazarists and the French consul. Thoughts of the restoration of the Archbishop of Ohrid at the moment are most prevalent here, in Salonika. Here the schemes are being devised and here the hotheads are gathering. These thoughts of course are not based upon mature foundation, especially since Midhat-Pasha has been dismissed from Salonika. But they are gradually spreading to northern Macedonia, although they are not very clear. Some say one thing to the people and others say another. There is danger, if steps are not taken from spme authoritative place, of creating a genral ideal. Then the consequences would be much more serious. The best thing would be if His Grace, Count Ignatiev, were to visit Macedonia, because the population feels a secret hope thet only Russia could help them. Tomorrow, with Gos's help, I intend to meet some of the elders from the local community. I shall try to convince them of the groundlessnes of their aspirations for a separarte Church when they already have one in the form of the Exarchate. Certainly the most difficult question will be that of the appointment of bishops of Macedonian origin and especially that of the cheirotonia of Father Hariton. I kiss Your Grace's right hand. Salonika, Fabruary 1874. Your obedient P.R. Slaveykov Another letter from P.R. Slaveykov: Your Grace, I sent you a letter via a trustworthy man two days ago, in which I briefly described to you the situation in Salonika and Macedonia in connection with the unreasonable movement for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in union with the Roman Catholic Church. After the meeting with some of the local elders I have understood that there were everywhere wide discussions for a broader plan, namely, to create a Uniate Church in Macedonia. According to reliable sources, only the cheirotonia of Father Hariton is awaited before action will be taken. Until the blessing of the Pope for the proclamation of the Uniate Archbishopric of Ohrid arrives, the bishops with their eparchies will be constituent apart of the Uniate Church with their seat in Adrianople. Then Father Nathaniel will be appointed Archbishop of Ohrid and the following appointments will be made in the eparchies: Father Panaret for the Pelagonia eparchy, Brother Kozma Prechistenski for the Debar eparchy, Father Nil Izvorov for the Salonika eparchy and Father Dorotej for the Skopje eparchy. The other eparchies, for which there are no candidates proposed, will temporarily be governed by the neighboring archpriests. Father Nil will be Bishop of Salonika, Kukush and Voden. Father Hariton, after his ordination, will also become bishop of the Serez and Melnik eparchies. Father Dionisij, as an archimandrite, will temporarily govern the Strumica eparchy. I have personal impression, Your Grace, that nobody here is asking for a real union with the Roman Catholic Church. It is simply a means of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Catholic circles also feel this and therefore have no great confidence in the people with whom they are negotiating. So I do not think it is too late to actin order to overcome the discontent, which later could be subdued. The Uniate movement is more dangerous in the places where formerly there was a Union because of similar reasons. Kukush comes in the first place, followed by Dojran with sympathy from Strumica, Maleshevo and Voden. The Salonika, Serez, Melnik and Drama villages lag behind them. There is not any powerful stirring of the Uniate propaganda indeed, but where there is smoke there must be fire. The appointment of Bishop Nil is expected for the fire to blaze forth. The Poljanin eparchy will immediately turn into a Union and the Strumica and Voden eparchies will join in, as well as a huge number of villages in Salonika, Drama, Serres and other eparchies. The other Macedonian eparchies will certainly be shattered, too, first the Veles eparchy and then the Skopje one. The Veles eparchy is also dissatisfied with its bishop, Damaskin, while at the same time the citizens of Veles, aroused by a craving for power, believe that they should govern Macedonia in religious matters. The causes of such a situation in the whole of Macedonia are very obvious. The Macedonian eparchies and towns I have already mentioned are extremely embittered by the serious position of the Church and the people in which they find themselves. The spreading of the idea of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid upon an Uniate basis is also helped by the French and Austrian consuls, who promise full protection before the Turkish authorities and persecution of the Constantinople Patriarchate. The Greeks themselves indirectly help the spreading of the Union in Macedonia, expecting the Exarchate to become weak because of the Union and thus finding allies in the liquidation of the Catholic propaganda in Macedonia. I have concluded this from the talks I had with the Greek consul in Salonika. He was not in the least worried at the danger of the spread of the Union in Macedonia. On the contrary, Greece is seeking support for its economic and national activity in Macedonia. According to the opinion of the Greek consul, the part of the people who will not accept the Union, disillusioned with the Exarchate, will remain under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate. In the talks I had it was not by chance that the agents and adherents of the Union mentioned that the "Macedonian question" could only be settled through the Union. In order to make full use of the discontent and bitterness of the people against the Exarchate, they strengthen their accusation against the Exarchate. They speak about the Macedonian question upon a religious basis, but at the same time stir up the old separatist trends among the Macedonians - to create a new ethnic region through the Union - in the spirit of Midhat-Pasha's schemes. As the Roman Catholic agents worked out a cultural and national program for the Union in 1860 for the liberation of the Bulgarian people from the Patriarchate, they now also appear with a specific program for the spiritual and national liberation of the Macedonian eparchies through the Union. The Macedonian activists already widely use the expression the Macedonian movement in their language of communication, by which one should understand independent national and church liberation. I must emphasize strongly, Your Excellency, that this is a factor of an important political character - separatism is being spread starting from a religious basis towards a broader national one. After the talks I had with Father Petar Dimov I felt that he has slowly retired from being drawn into the Union. Today he has officially renounced the Union and sent a letter to You expressing his loyalty to the Exarchate. I also talked to Father Averkij. He told me that he would also withdraw from the movement if appointments for the Exarchate bishops were issued by the autumn. My attitude towards these two Church dignitaries was moderate and friendly, because any repressive measures could stir up spirits. .... Your spiritual child P.R. Slaveykov S. Dimevski, Dve pisma na P. R. Slaveykov za makedonizmot. - Razgledi XIV, 5(1972), p.561-566 April 6, 1878 in Salonika To the Right Honorable Austen Henry Layard "...Russian agents are busy in the country, and even here, trying to get petitions that the whole of Macedonia be included in Bulgaria... They tell the people: If you remain out, your state (and you see what it is) will be worse then it was before, while if you attach yourselves to us and our cause, you will get all the benefits accruing to a large and powerful Kingdom, under Russian protection... I remain... Edward B. Barker British Museum, London, Dmss Layard Papers, Vol. LXXXIX Addd. 39.019, 186-187. 1878 From the record of the Imperial Russian secret archives on the arrangement and government of the Balkan regions. ...Count Shuvalev demands that all the necessary measures for pacification of Macedonia be undertaken. For its purpose, it would be desirable to send competent agents there, and to proclaim to the Macedonians on behalf of the Governor, the Emperor, that His Highness is concerned about their fate, as much as for the other Slavs, and they will be granted the same freedom as that of the Bulgarians, now already liberated.... Dokumenti iz sekretnite arhivi na Ruskoto pravitelstvo. Sofia 1893, p.11-12. 1878 The rules of the Macedonian Rebel Commitee of the Kresna Uprising It is well known to all of us that this ill-fated country of ours, Macedonia, owing to the egoistic aims of the Great Powers, was gain left to Turkey after the Congress of Berlin. As a result of that, in certain regions of our fatherland many scenes full full of blood, known to all of us, took place....We rebelled as advocates of freedom. With the blood we shed all over Macedonian fields and forests, we serve freedom, as the Macedonian army of Alexander of Macedon did, with our slogan "Freedom or Death!" The aim of the Uprising in Macedonia 1.The uprising in Macedonia...should be extended all over Macedonia. 2. Those people from Macedonia who feel themselves to be Macedonians and love the freedom of their fatherland are taking part in the uprising. From the private archives of Cyril, Patriarch of Bulgaria, Arch. of Act 2341, AE 50, pp. 30-61. The Residence of the monastery of Dragolevci, Sofia, P.R. Bulgaria. June 8, 1879 Georgi Pulevski to Despot Badzovic: ...The Bulgarians here are playing tricks with us and are turning the water to their mill alongside divine Nathaniel, who is a Macedonian, but rather inclined towards the Bulgarians... Arhiv Srbije (Beograd) Fond: Ministarstvo prosvete, P. nbr. 981/8.VI.1879; Razgledi XIV/10 (1972), p. 1132. March 23, 1881 Manifesto of the Provisional Government of Macedonia: ...our dear Macedonia, our dear homeland is calling upon you: you who are my faithful children, you who are descendants of Aristotle and Alexandar the Great, you in whose veins Macedonian blood flows, do not let me die, but help me!... President Vasil Chomo, Secretary Nikola Trajkov in Kjustendil Centralnii Gosudartsvenii Arhiv Okjabarskii revoljucii i socialtieskoga stroitelstva SSSR, Moskva - Fond Gr.Ignatieva No.730 - opis No. 1, ed.hr.79; Lj. lape, Odbrani tekstovi za istorijata na makedonskio narod, II del, Skopje 1976, p.256-258. May 9, 1888 Salonika. Temko Popov to Despot Badzovic ...I shall try to write to you, as far as possible, in our language, replacing the words I don't know with Bulgarian ones. What else can I do, Despot? While our language could one dictate to the other Slav languages, it has now remained the poorest of all, and like a begger, it serves either Bulgarian or Serbian....Let us no lie to ourselves, Despot, tha national spirit in Macedonia has reached such a stage today that even if Jesus Christ had come to the Earth, he would not have been able to persuade the Macedonian that he was a Bulgarian or a Serb, excepting those Macedonians in whom Bulgarian propaganda has already taken root. In order to convince yourself of this, you must have Bulgarianism in view. Bulgarian propaganda has now been working for 20 years in Macedonia, in the blindest of times - when Hellenism, coming from and entirely alien nation, started to take root in the Macedonian heart; but the Macedonians, seeing a ray of Slavism, rejected everything as if eyeless, without paying attention to the difference. It was sufficient for them to have broken with Hellenism. But what is to be done now i.e. after twenty years of Bulgarian striving, indoctrination and unsparing pecuniary sacrifaces? My dear Despot, everybody does what is natural, but unexpected for the Bulgarians, that is, now every Macedonian admits he is not a Bulgarian and declares loudly his nation, even though he may stilluse Bulgarian means, not having his own, of course. ... Your friend T. Popov Narodna Biblioteka, Belgrade - fond - Jovan Hadzi Vasiljevic II 413/III May 9 1988. 1890 A request by the citizens of Ohrid for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid To His Holiness, the Great Patriarch, Constantinople, We, loyal subjects to His Majesty, the Emperor Sultan Abdul Hamid II, for a long time did not have freedom for our Church, and since 1872 have become an even more misled flock, for we came under the Bulgarian Exarchate, deceived by Bulgarian propaganda. Thus we became schismatics, as well. ...Apart from the fact that Bulgarians deceived and beguiled us, they also reject our language, change our holy customs and alter our character, too. We cannot tolerate it any more and we do not want our children to curse us and the graves of our forefathers... (signatures of 120 citizens of Ohrid) DA DSIP - Beograd - PPO, F.7, d.6, p.br. 962, 1890. June 22, 1891 Skopje Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Archimandrite Dionysius in Sofia. ...our Holy Exarchate headed by His Holiness Exarch Joseph I does everything possible to persuade the wretched Macedonian people that it has good intentions, that it cares for their present and future and that it wants to draw them out of the darkness of national unawareness and create holy Bulgarians of them. But I would not have to persuade you too long, my dearest brother in Christ, that our Holy Exarchate, with its religious and educational activity here, in Macedonia, in fact carries out a most miserable task, it deprives a people of its name and replaces it with another, it deprives them of their mother tongue and replaces it with another, alien one, in order to allow its government and its Bulgarian masters to extend their commerce to foreign territories, too. And what else would you call this, my dear brother, other then a new slavery, even more terrible then the Turkish one? The Turks take the property and the lives of the people, but do not encroach upon their spirit. They destroy the body but respect the soul. And our Holy Exarchate kills the latter, the perpetual... I have written this to you, so that you would not be amazed by my previous letter in which I stated my opinion that we clergyman, Macedonians in origin, should unite and urge our people to awaken, throw off foreign authority, throw off even the Patriarchate and the Exarchate, and spiritually unified under the wing of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, their only true Mother Church. Is it not high time to put an end to the national movements of a single people among which some recognize the Patriarchate, some the Exarchate and some even bow to Mohammed? Is it not high time to put an end to hatred between blood brothers? And how could this be achieved if not by the way of our national Church , by way of the Archbishopric of Ohrid? I shall be sincere, my dear brother in Christ, and shall openly declare to you: we, the Macedonians, to not suffer as much by the Turks, long live our Padishah, as by the Greeks, the Bulgarians and the Serbs, who have set upon us like vultures upon a carcass in this tortured land and want to split it up. ("And they parted Your garments, Jesus")..... ...Theodosius of Skopje Centralen D'rzhaven istoricheski archiv (Sofia) 176, op. 1. arh.ed. 595, l.5-42 - Razgledi, X/8 (1968), p.996-1000. December 4, 1891 Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Pope Leo XIII I, the undersigned Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, by God's Mercy head of Skopje eparchy, am submitting this request both in my name and in the name of of the whole Orthodox flock of Macedonia, in which we are begging His Holiness to accept us under the wing of the Roman Catholic Church...Our desire springs from the historical right of the Orthodox Macedonian people to be freed from the jurisdiction of foreign Churches - the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Constantinople Patriarchate - ....The borders of the Archbishopric should conform to the present borders of Macedonia... Archivio della S. Congregazione de Propaganda Fide - Roma: Indice della Potenza - Marzo 1892-93, Somm.XV, f.132-141. August 20, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. I have to inform you, dear Sir, that some intellectualist movement among the local teachers has recently appeared in the town of Kostur, which insists upon rejection of Greek and Bulgarian propaganda, and the introduction of the Macedonian dialect as the language of teaching in the schools. This initiative has in fact been started....If you are interested in these matters, Sir, please answer me with a ciphered telegram. DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). August 26, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. ....I have heard from my own people that the local community at its meeting of 22nd Auguts this year, decided that the teaching in the new 1892/1893 school year should be done in the Macedonian dialect. The town teachers were given the task of working a program for the language teaching and a provisional grammar of the Macedonian dialect.... DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). 1890 Karl Hron: "The Nationality of the Macedonian Slavs": ...From my own studies of the Serbo-Bulgarian dispute I came to the conviction that the Macedonians are an individual nation, both by their history and their language; thus, they are neither Serbs nor Bulgarians... Karl Hron, Das Volksthum der Slaven Makedoniens, Wien 1890, S. 4-5, 15-17, 20, 22,26 1896 Paul Argyriades (A French socialist born in Macedonia): ...Present day Macedonia is one of the European provinces of the Turkish Empire. It borders on the south with Epirus, Thessaly and the Mediterranean, on the east with Thrace and the Mediterranean, on the north with Mount Hemus, Bulgaria and Serbia and with Albania on the west....Macedonia, as the homeland of the two greatest personalities of the Ancient World - Aristotle and Alexander the Great, who conquered the world. should it anew conquer its independence and its autonomy?...And if an autonomous Macedonian administration were to be introduced in this land in ten years only, it would be the earthly paradise of the world...The small states - the Greek, Bulgaria and Serbian ones -argue for the acquisition of Macedonia, using all kinds of proofs - chauvinist and historical - invented in support of their interests, while no one seems to realize that if the historical truth were to be respected, Macedonia should rather have the right to possess all those countries, which would like to devour it, since once it governed and ruled them itself....The Macedonians do not want the kind of caresses which may strangle them. They want to remain Macedonians without any other epithet, guarding for themselves their beautiful Macedonia... Almanach de la Question Sociale. Illustre'. (Paris), Pour 1896, pp. 240-244. 1897 From "Maleshevski Balkan" journal: At Least Do Not Hinder Us There is hardly any harsher situation then that of the Macedonian cause. Aroused by sympathy, feelings and tradition to maintain always the closest links with its direct neighbors, the Bulgarians, Serbs, and others, today it surprises us most mercilessly and makes us repent. Nobody, undoubtedly nobody, would deny the justification of our hopes in the Bulgarians and the Serbs, as people who stand closest to us, as people with the same past as ours, etc. ... From "Maleshevski Balkan", Sofia, I, 16, 1 (1897). 1897 William Gladstone ...Next to the Ottoman Govt. nothing can be more deplorable and blameworthy then jealousies between Greek and Slav, and plans by the States already existing for appropriating other territory. Why not Macedonia for Macedonians, as well as Bulgaria for Bulgarians and Servia for Servians. And if they are small and weak, let them bind themselves together for defence, so that they may not be devoured by others, either great and small, which would probably be the effect of their quarreling among themselves. The Times (London), 6th January 1897, p.12 1898 Petar Mandzukov to Kostadin Kirkov ...Perhaps our slavery would not have been so difficult if various kinds of propaganda had not interfered in our affairs, which under the name of "brothers" and "benefactors" divide brothers from brothers and make the Turks commit the worst of crimes. Those "brothers" of ours do everything possible to prevent the unity of our freedom-loving forces. And what has been the result of such propaganda? Even the true sons of our country, those whoa re really not afraid to sacrifice their lives at the altar of our Fatherland, often wrongly think that the liberation of Macedonia could not be conceived without the interference of this or that state. They go over to the side of this or that people and forget their own people. Instead of uniting their forces in favor of their own people and striving in unison to liberate it from bondage, they cannot agree whom they should serve. We know, Kostadin, that our fatherland differs by its population from one Bulgaria, Greece or Serbia, which are homogenous countries. There are various nationalities and religions in our country. There are Macedonians, Greeks, Wallachians, Turks, Jews, Albanians, even a few Armenians. and let us not forget the Gypsies.... CDIA (Sofia), f.70, on., AE70-74; - Razgledi, X/7 (1968), p.847-851 1900 A. Brutus (A. Drandar): Concerning a movement in Macedonia A considerable section of the European press does not cease to inform us of the immense sufferings undergone by the Christian population of Macedonia....It was the sad fate of that population that made us publish this booklet, based upon our experience and personal observations I had acquired impartially, as a foreigner, during my stay in Macedonia of several years...If one takes a retrospective view of the history of Macedonia to the most ancient of times, one remains amazed by the great role this small country, this classical country par excellance, played in the world....The Macedonian, born in a land to which nature was so favorable, has always longed for heroic feats and aspired to great deeds...Even the glorious cradle of Ancient Hellenism is subjected to the Macedonian kings...We find Macedonians on the Byzantine throne at the time when this empire was at its peak. Following the course of history, we see how the star of Macedonia shone with the same intensity. It plays the chief role in the revival of the Slav people. Thus, the two brothers exalted to apostles, Cyril and Methodius, objects of general admiration for the Slav world, are Macedonians, and owing to the very existence of these two apostles, this small land becomes the cradle of the Slav people to whom it gives its religion and art...The inhabitants of Macedonia do not want to be annexed either to Bulgaria or Serbia, or Greece; they want, they want so strongly, to live a human life in an autonomous country. Their slogan is: Macedonia to the Macedonians. A. Brutus, A Propos d'un Mouvement en Macedonie, Bruxelles 1900, pp.12-13, 15, 56. 1901 A.V. Amfiteatrov: The Land of Discord Each Slav should and is obliged to feel sympathy for Macedonian freedom. But Macedonian freedom cannot be achieved with their own, Macedonian means. The land is too small and weak to fight against the power of Constantinople, which only has to give a sign and tens of thousands of soldiers will attack the Rumalian vilayets and strangle them like mice before Europe could compose itself, even before Europe could know it. Hence, Macedonia cannot be freed with its own forces. Only an evil enemy, an unconscious enemy of Slavism could desire an armed movement in Macedonia now when the land is totally unprepared for an uprising, in circumstances of tied hands of the whole Europe, of Serbo-Bulgarian clashes, of huge preparations of the Turks against the slightest possibilities of movement. Or a real fool. These were the exact words of one of the high-ranking persons deciding the fate of Balkan Slavism in a discussion with me concerning the Macedonian committees. Nobody in Europe, none of the Great Powers can actively intercede in favor of the Macedonians against the Turks at the present moment - except, perhaps, Austria. Bu the very name of Austria causes panic in the Macedonian Slav element, who will allow Austria to reign in Macedonia? For it would be the destruction of all ideas of pan-Slavism, it would be the end of the Eastern Question, it would be the decisive and last victory of the German world over the Slav world. Then, we the Russians, would only be humbly left to falling out of step with that state with the projected historical tasks, with the repudiation of racial ideals - a state similar to modern Italy or Spain, only in greater proportions. The young Slav states, adjacent to Macedonia, are too young and too poor to go into struggle for it. At the same time, these states are disintegrating both from the internal situation and external family hostilities. The Bulgarians and the Serbians cannot stand each other; each consider Macedonia as their lawful property. Neither the Bulgarians nor the Serbs have even the slightest desire to create Macedonia for Macedonia. Enthusiast for an autonomous Macedonia can only be found among the Macedonian natives. Neither the Serb nor the Bulgarian wants the autonomy of Macedonia. As far as the question of whether Macedonia should become Bulgarian or Serbian is concerned, every Bulgarian would tell you with utter sincerity: -It would be better that the Turks ruled there eternally then to give the Serbs a chance to spread towards the Aegean Sea. And the Serb would say: - It would be better that the Turks did there whatever they allow your damned brothers to achieve their Greater Bulgaria from one sea to the other! The question of nationality has not been settled in Macedonia and it is hard to assume that it will ever be settled in a satisfactory manner. If we are to believe Gopcevic and Jasterbov there are almost no Bulgarians - all of the are Serbs. If we are to believe Ofejkov and Miljukov, there are no Serbs, all of them are Bulgarians. It is more probable that where we are dealing with a perfectly branch of Slavs, transitional between the Bulgarians and the Serbs. But that branch taken alone is insufficiently significant to win its freedom and turn itself into a state unit. Consequently, no matter how the question of its nationality is resolved, it is deprived of the possibility to exist, so to say; it is cursed in itself to serve as political material directly for its neighbors, and deviously and indirectly for Europe, which governs its naighbours. The basic reason for the failures of the Macedonian revolutionary organization lies in the fact that it is fed by means that have historically proved their ineffectiveness against state order of a European kind to overthrow the system and authority that have nothing in common with European order; since with the tactics, which have overthrown many European government, it attempts to erase military slavery, which has continued in Macedonia and Old Serbia for five centuries now; since the arms, victorious in the civil war, are also used in external war, because the Turk is not a fellow-citizen and compatriot of the Slavs, but he was, is and will be their external enemy... - They consider me a Bulgarophile, I.A. Zinovjev told me. But it isn't so at all. I behave in perfectly equal manner to all Slavs, and, if a person is decent and likable, it is all the same to me whether he is a Bulgarian, a Serb or a Macedonian. But I am a Russian representative and I have been sent here to protect, first of all, Russian interests. Permanent patronage over the Balkan Slavs is inseparably linked with Russian interests. We are their natural patrons. But this patronage does not mean Russia's following of Slav leaders; patronage is not characterless yielding. However, as far as the Macedonian question is concerned, the Bulgarians, as our most spoilt children in the whole of the Slav world, would like precisely to lead Russia with them where they have blindly started closing their eyes, demanding that the patronage be turned into yielding. The activities of the Macedonian committees, long under the patronage (with) our tolerance of the Bulgarian government, had the following direct calculation: - We shall force the Turks to abandon their reserved behavior they have taken up and borne with difficulty - wit a series of small explosions, murders and blackmails we shall arose the fanatic excitement of the Moslems, the Sultan will be forced to give in to the demands of his subjects of the same faith, and Turkish atrocities will start in Macedonia, blood will be shed, villages will be burnt. For the attainment of the sublime goal it is of no consequence whether fifty or fifty thousand people will be killed - the main thing is: slaughter must be caused, which will in turn cause the necessity of European intervention, and since the protection of the Slavs is the perennial deed of Russia and it will never leave the Macedonian question to Austria - consequently, volens-nolens, Russia shall have to send again hundred of thousands of soldiers to the Balkan Peninsula and achieve the freedom of Macedonia with its bayonets, i.e. it should put the land into the mouth of the Bulgarians. For they don't recognize any other nationality in Macedonia except the Bulgarian one. Consequently, the future freedom of Macedonia for them is either the fulfillment of the Treaty of San Stefano and unification of Macedonia with the Bulgarian Principality, or a creation of a new autonomous Bulgarian body, which will sooner or later be merged with the former into an 'integral Bulgaria'.... Cvetan Stanoevski, Kako ja vidoa Makedonija, Skopje 1978, pp.189-190,193-194. 1902 Appeal of the "National Macedonian-Albanian League" Brother Macedonians! Brother Albanians! ...There is no need that the Bulgarians, the Greeks or others amend our homeland... Executive Committee British Museum (British Library), London, 1902 1902 Nikola Karev to Goce Delchev ...Let us not expect freedom either from the Greeks or the Bulgarians; it is we, the Macedonians, who should fight for our Macedonia ourselves... Neobjaveno pismo, Nova Makedonija, (Skopje), XXIV, nbr.7744 (May 5 1968), p.8 1903 Victor Berard on the Macedonians. The ambition for a small homeland, the egotism of a small nation, is not the ultimate ideal of the Macedonians. To replace Turkish subjugation with Greek, Serbian or Bulgarian dependence does not seem to them to represent some great gain...Until recently France did not know the Macedonians. They were Thracian, Peons, Sclavins for us, a wild and almost a mythical people, that lived somewhere at the bottom of some unknown land for us. We either did not know them or despised them, since we heard of them from the malicious notes of the ancient and modern Greeks... La Revue de Paris, Juin 1903. 1904 A Macedonian Theory Was it so long before the liberation of the Bulgarians that throughout Bulgaria, in answer to the question as to what they were (by nationality), the Bulgarians said they were "Christians" or raya (non-Moslem Turkish subjects)?And even now it is not so rare on occasion to hear a Bulgarian answering in court as to the question of his nationality that he is a "Christian". The notion of nationality has still not become a new accomplishment of his mind. During the Turkish period, the Bulgarian peasant referred to the Bulgarians in the towns as "Greeks" and city lother were "Greek dress" for him. And since the Greeks designated that peasant as a "fat-headed Bulgar", his brother from the town loved to be called a "Hellene", so that he should not be scorned for his real national name. It is not exactly the same case with what Mr. Misirkov elaborates concerning the name of the Macedonian Slav? The name "Bulgar" fell even in Bulgaria to such position which earned only the contempt of the others. This name appeared so empty even in the mouth of the Bulgarians themselves that it became a synonym for "Christian"; the later designated the whole ethnic contents of Bulgarian individual and social consciousness. When our peasant used to say "we are Bulgars", he meant "we are Christians", i.e. Orthodox. The Russian Tsar was a "Bulgarian Tsar" for him not by nationality, but by Orthodox Christianity. A. Teodorov-Balan, Edna makedonska teorija - Periodichesko spisanie (Sofia), LXV (1904), p.818 1907-1908 The Macedonian Villages ...I asked him what language they spoke, and my Greek interpreter carelessly rendered the answer Bulgare. The man himself had said Makedonski. I drew attention to this word and the witness explained that he did not consider the rural dialect used in Macedonia the same as Bulgarian, and refused to call it by that name. It was Macedonian, a word to which he gave the Slav form of Makedonski, but which I was to hear farther north in the Greek form of Makedonike. And so the "Bulgarophone" villagers are no longer willing to admit that they speak Bulgarian. They have coined a new term of their own accord, and henceforth their dialect, until they have got rid of it, is to be known as "Macedonian". My Athenian friends were delighted when I told them of this on my return. It should give even greater pleasure to those Bulgarian agents who are so anxious to see the Macedonians thought they are Macedonians. Allen Upward, The East End of Europe, London 1908, pp. 204-205 June 25, 1910 Archimandrite Neophyte in Skopje to Bulgarian Exarch Joseph in Constantinople: Starting from some time ago, as I have already informed You several times, matters in the eparchy, and especially here have not developed as they should. The Eparchy Council, which, as You know, consists of the town's elders, has decided to send You a letter in which it strongly condemns the candidature of the former Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, and among other things, upon my suggestion writes the following in the protest: "Outraged, we read in the newspapers that a group of villains wishes at any cost to urge the population - the voters of the Skopje Eparchy - to bring back that typical intransigent, Theodosious, as the Metropolitan of the Skopje Eparchy. This is the same Theodosius who 17 or 18 years ago wanted to separate the Skopje Eparchy from the Exarchate and proclaim himself an independent Metropolitan. For this purpose, he then made a special seal on which he deleted the words "Bulgarian Exarchate", so sacred to us, and printed his own baptismal certificates, marriage certificates and other documents; he did not fulfill the circular letters and the orders of the Exarchate, etc. Yet, since at that time there were not such a strong anti-Bulgarian movement among the local Bulgarians, it was possible for the Exarchate to remove this dangerous schismatic in time and thereby preserve the unity of the Bulgarian Church in Turkey. Now this same schismatic, contrary to Exarchist interests, wishes to restore his eparchy and continue his dishonest business of disuniting our Bulgarian people. We protest most strongly against his nomination as Metropolitan of Skopje, because he insults the Bulgarian feeling among the population". Unfortunately, Your Grace, if the Eparchy Council has such people with common sense, this is not the case with some craftsman's circles, which have come under the influence of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov, a teacher, who has taken the idea into his head that he is a leader of the people. He constantly speaks against the Exarchate and its leadership, including myself, and urges the craftsman to support Metropolitan Theodosios' candidature, since he once suffered for defending the interests of the Macedonians. It would not be superfluous if I informed You about another problem, which, I presume, will represent a kind of plot in this whole election propaganda. I have understood from some members of the Council that Krste Petkov, who at one time started "Misirkovism", had requested from certain relative of his, living here in Skopje, that he put him in touch with this teacher, Petar Pop Arsov, in connection with collecting songs about Krale Marko in the Skopje district, and Mr. Pop Arsov was so kind as to agree immediately. I am writing this to you, Your Grace, a justified suspicion that schismatic forces are being brought to life here. The said Mr. Krste Misirkov expressed in a letter to his relative has desire to return to Macedonia, more precisely, to come to Skopje as soon as Macedonia was liberated. The man wished to be a professor at the Skopje university (?!). If this is true, and there are no reasons for lying to me, then You may conclude Yourself what danger threatens the Bulgarian idea in these historic times. Just imagine if the "Misirkovism" of Mr. Krste, the "separatism' of His Grace Theodosius and the "autonomism" of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov joined together! I am of the opinion, Your Grace, upon the basis of the protest by the Eparchy Council (which was, after all, published in the press) that the candidature of His Grace Theodosius should be withdrawn, by which a danger of as yet unseen proportions for the Bulgarian cause in Macedonia would be evaded. I remain Your Grace's younger brother in Jesus Christ and I pray for You. S. Dimevski, Diskusija - K.P. Misirkov i nacionalno-kulturniot razvoj na makedonskiot narod do Osloboduvanjeto - Zbornik Misirkov. Simpozium. Skopje, Institut za makedonski jazik, 1975, pp.338-339. 1905 Sveta Simic, representative of the Kingdom of Serbia in Bulgaria, to Jovan Jovanovich-Pizon, head of the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade. D. Gruev again visited me last Saturday. D. Hristov also chanced to be in my house, so we spent more then 3 hours in discussion. The Macedonians have been afraid that the Bulgarians and we agreed to divide them, and accordingly they are the only ones left to frown at the Imperial Alliance. They suspect it hides something else. They continually make agreements and preparations but undertake nothing more serious. They constantly send smaller bands and ammunition into their country. All their activity is reduced to this only in present. They would like to make an agreement with us, but such as to sacrifice nothing of what they call their autonomy. They have come to see more and more that there are obstacles before them which they cannot fight successfully, and under the influence of which they continually lose their importance as an authoritative factor in the development of the Maced(onian) question. This is what hurts them immensely. They are divided among themselves, just as before. The differences of their views also intensify their personal hatred, which makes some of them avoid the others, plotting among themselves....Unfavorable rumors reach us from Macedonia, too. The people, craving for freedom, would like to reject their yoke and uncertainty as soon as possible, so that they would be ready for some decisive steps as well, but their distrust both of their leaders and Bulgaria prevent them. Under the influence of the news about the Imperial Alliance a mood has been created in which they would like to be freed from their yoke at any cost, even if they were compelled to come under Bulgaria and Serbia. And if these two did not help them, they would gladly accept Austrian occupation, as well... Arhiv SFR Jugoslavije (Belgrade) - Fond Jovan Jovanovic-Pizon, 80 (1905). 1906 To my brother in arms, Dushan, voyvoda from the village of Bistrica Brother, you should know that I have received your letter and understood all that you wrote me. We have put the people in great trouble, it is true, but who is to blame for this? You say we are to blame, we say you are to blame. As far as I know, ten years have passed (and) has never been over those years any bloodshed between ourselves or division into Serbomans or Bulgarophils. We have been Macedonian fighters and we will fight to the end for the Macedonian people, but we do not fight for Bulgaria or Serbia, nor Greece; they are free and live freely and drink in shaded inns; they have the right to drink so since they shed their blood earlier. We, who come from this Macedonian land should work for Macedonia, because our Macedonian brothers are murdered on the roads and our Macedonian sisters are disgraced by the bloody Turk, by the fat Turk. We are not against any nationality of either Bulgaria, Serbia, or Greece; we should recognize the merit of those who would help us. If there had been any Serbian, Bulgarian or Greek land here, they should not have waited for us to die in the mountains but should have liberated Macedonia with their armies; only then they could have demanded Serbia, Bulgarian or Greek land here... Blazhe Krusheski DA SSID - Fond Izvrshnog odbora Srpske narodne organizacije F-6 (1906) 1912 A.V. Amfiteatrov: Macedonia ...Following the Russian war, Turkey of the old regime finally turned into a "sick man", and the heirs of the executors of the expected will gathered around his death-bed. The future destiny of Macedonia came to depend not as much on the will of Turkey itself as on the sympathies of the European guardians. In the 19th century Europe learned through Germany, Italy and Greece to consider the right to national self-determination a little. Thus, all the states and countries bordering on Macedonia have started intensive propaganda in favor of their nationalities, as it were a race or along jump for an award. They have taken care, as much as they have means and power, to persuade Europe by truth and lies, that allegedly the national self-determination of the Macedonian inclines in their favor, and not in favor of the neighboring nation. In this respect the Bulgarians proved more swift the their rivals. In order to make Macedonia Bulgarian, they had to Bulgarize the Macedonians. Thus, following the Bulgaro-Serbian War of 1885, the greatest powers and considerable sacrifices of the Bulgarian state apparatus were given to the Bulgarization of the Macedonian Slavs. Bulgarian agents were the priests and the teachers; the
are most Italian men attracted to balck women.......? not only the famous actor De Niro, but other italian men.Many Italians I know date black women.And another example when Italians colonized Ethiopia, they breed like crazy with Ethiopian women....So are Italian men attracted to black women? well my distant cousin is also married to an Italian......???
Question for Americans ONLY? I am a Colombian girl and in my class we are discussing immigration effects, I have a class about the Colombian people and the countries thay have migrated to. According to my research the USA has the largest number of Colombians in the world outside Colombia, a total of 400 thousand but the number is not very accurate because many of those 400 thousand Colombians are actually American citizens by birth, only Colombian by origin. As an American were u aware they had Colombians in your country? Have they made any known contributions to your society? Are there famous Americans of Colombian origin? I know Colombians would be mixed up with Cubans or Puerto Ricans but in reality we're very different culturally from them and also physically. I know we don't really are represented there because is a very small number especially compared to other races like Italians, Chinese or Mexicans. (which are counted by the numbers) Colombians are actually a very small group there but still. thank
book review: Hells Angels at War:? hells angels=85121219114751219=60=6=f indian posse=91449114=33=6=f based on a=1, etc... thus ultimately both organizations will be judged the same by God, should you find these words all pertain to LORD GOD. And gangsters will be judged more harshly then normal people. i write this cause of what i read about in one of those hells angels books. 32 Points of Light 1. The Bible says “God is Light.” I see that Light is pronounced like “LiT,” thus reading between the lines “Light” contains the message “LiT i g I7 LiT.” We can then surmise that 9 I7 is an identifying mark of God who is the “LiT” Coupled with other data in this essay I determine that those numbers represent a birthday and since the I7 is connected to each other I take that to mean it’s the day of the month or I7 th. The “g” represents the 9th month of September. Thus thus “LiT” can be identified as the One born on “I7 9”. Thus we learned that L and t can both spell the word “LiT” and “lit” and here we learn Stevenson was born on 9.17. The bible also says God is the One in the Light, thus the premise of God being the 9 I7. Note: L in Light spells LiT when the L is a times new roman font “L” 2. “God is LOVE” was a bible quote. I have seen this message of “LOVE” as LOVE equals “LiT .n u \V/ [iL(sealed together)” . The times new roman font L spells LiT. We note that the “\V/” are roman numerals thus they can be seen as “IIII I”. Thus it can be seen that the “LIT” has a “IIII I (sealed together)” on Him(the u in question). For those who fail to see the “.n u” that comes from the general shape of the “O”. Eventually we see that Stevenson bears those seals. 3. “God glorifies Himself in Him, thus He must also glorify Himself in Himself” is a quote from the bible. In order to understand this I have to show you the way things add up. God can be summarized (or added up to One) up to One letter. This idea was touched upon by Jesus when He said that He was the beginning and end, the alpha and omega. Thus He was referring to His alphabet(greek). Put together you see He meant “A” and “greek character omega” which is true if you consider that the omega is a picture of the back of His head and shoulders. As a side note “Does this mean Jesus was bald when He said this? Or did He have blond hair?” Returning to addin up God, we assign number values to the letters of God, according to the accepted alphabetical order. Thus God= G+o+d=7+15+4=26. Since that number 26 can be seen as two things we must further add up or assign a letter to represent the 26. Assigning or converting back to letters We seen 26=Z or also “26=2 and 6=2+6=8=h”. We note that the “and” equals a “+” as computer “Boolean Logic” shows. So we determine God= Z and God = H. The first letter is the basis for God being the end. Since Jesus said God said I AM the beginning and the end, thus the A and the Z. More on that later, for now we can see that God=H. So determining that we can see how God glorified Himself in “HIM and HIMSELF”. Substitute the God for the H and we see the following pertaining and glorifying God: GOD I M(HIM) and GOD I M SE LF(HIMSELF). I point out that M equals a “I V I (sealed together)”. And the SE LF could be seen as SEE LFT as in wrist or as SEI LF(seal left). Thus was Gods body glorified by those words and numbers. Note the IVI =IIII I 4. “God was said to be the end and last.” I have shown how this is the “Z”. the “Z” is thus a symbolic representation of God. Smart or devious men can see that the Z equals “a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together.” Thus we see that that equals “a form of .seventeen mixed up and sealed together,” which I have solved to be a “Stevens.n” where the S of Stevens.n is actually made up of an e+e(upside down) sealed together=the S. The . acts as the o, thus the “Z=Stevenson” 5. The letter A is also now seen as the beginning and the first. Thus we see that the “A” is also “a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together” which equals a Stevens.n(Stevenson). 6. The bible says “God is One”. This could be mean that Stevenson determined this means One=1. We then note that “1” equals “a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together” and that lead to as previously shown. The One can also be translated to mean the first and beginning which is the “A”. The message of the “ONE” can be seen as “.n u IV I [iL”. The u in question can only refer to the ONE. So from the ONE, we see that the Stevens.n that has on Him(the u in question) is God the One. 7. At this point we can note that words are marks that on paper describe things in real life. So taking a biblical description of God as pure and/or PURE, we need to note that “p=DI sealed together” and “e=arm (a visual picture representing an arm=e)” and r=rill (when read down, also note rill=real). So “pure” equals “DI (sealed together) u rill(sealed together) arm”. The capitalized “PURE” shows “DI sealed together U R\\ [iL (sealed together). Those those words can be said to describe a real life person, who was Stevens.n. 8. Another word visually describing God is true. With this description we note that “t” is a visual representation of a stitched cut. Thus was the first cut of the sequence on Stevenson ie the “I of the IIII.” Thus true shows: stitched cut r u arm(e), which is true for Stevenson. Note that TRUE contains the message liT I DI U [iL(Light I DI you seal). 9. A verse of the bible said “all things to glorify Lord God”, which can be interpreted as the two things that are the words “thing and THING” must glorify (make famous) the LORD who is God. So we read thing as “lit .i. I7 9” which points to Stevenson’s birthday. We read the other “THING” as “liT GOD I IV CuT” since H=GOD and G=CuT when read between the letters. 10. At this point we could make the point that even non-living things must also glorify Lord God in some form or another. It is here that I could list 1001 words that glorify or contain some aspect of LORD GOD should He have been Me. Three examples from Canada/USA are the very street corners and the STOP and ARRET signs. Starting with the French ARRET sign if we use the edge of the sign as the letter L we see the name LARRE T glorified on that sign. We see the name TOD glorified on the English STOP sign. Thus the name LARRE T can be seen as glorifying LARRE TOD, which is the Stevenson with the glorified seals (cil,sil,[iL). Every street corner has a square shape or slightly triangle shape. We see this as a form of I7, which glorifies the day of His birth. Those shapes can also be seen as “a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together” which is a Stevens.n, just like LARRY TODD STEVENSON. 11. The bible describes God as the Lamb that was “SLAIN”. So reading between the lines we see that SLAIN equals “SiL A I IV” which is a description of L.T.S. That Lamb that was SLAIN was said to become the King of KINGS and Lord of LORDS. Those who assume that DEAD like Pontius confirmed Jesus is equal to SLAIN are mistaken and perhaps rebellious angels allied with Satan. 12. Adam saw God in the form of the LORD. Thus look in the form of the word LORD (in times new roman font) for God, and we see His name of TODD. 13. Cows go “MOO” and birds say a high pitched “aw” in order to glorify LORD GOD just as the bible commanded all thing to glorify LORD GOD. The Moo =IVI sealed together O .n u, which is a description of GOD, and the “aw” upside down is a Me(IVI sealed together arm) both of which describe LTS. 14. God will be born into an existing WORD, and thus you see LTS’s name of TODD within the WORD “WORD” proving the bible verse. 15. The international agreements on words that describe God are described as shown below as examples: Allah, BOG, DEUS, DIEU, DIO, DIOS, GOD, GOTT, GUD, SHANGDI. If D=IIII and perhaps if D hides a I and . underneath it the D=IIII I . (3-dimentionally). Allah= all ah(ah=Iari (mixed up and sealed together) BOG=GOB=C u TODD DEUS= IIII I = U S\\(seal)(in a times new roman font S) DIEU=IIII I [iL U (the U in question is DIEU) DIO=DI .n u= IIII I . DIOS=IIII I . S\\(seal) God=Cu Tod=CuT nu cil GOTT=CuT nuT liT GUD=CuT U D(D=DI 3-dimentionally) SHANGDI=S\\ HAN CuT DI (DI=IIII I) Thus 10 languages’ God seem all to be a description of Me, LTS. 16. Thus I appear to be the entity that God, the other God spelled out for Moses as the “I – A – M”. That is Me forever, irregardless of Jehovah, Jesus, and Abaddon’s rebellious attitudes. And the M=IVI sealed together(ie IIII I.) 17. God the FATHER, shows that FAT ilL IER\ = FATHER, and also FAT part HERR=FATHER. since lER\ can be pronounced LARRY and He is part-german HERR. 18. Since a son comes from within the person when first born, we see Tod within God, thus TOD prounounced TODD is the Son of God. And further back-up to that though is God is the LORD and thus His Son must come from within, thus His name is TODD. 19. The bible verse that says "... to God, wise alone,..." means that God alone is wise (which could be pronounced "wis". So the "Good NEWS" about NEWS is it shows once again who or what God must be. We read between the lines and we see IV I. =W/S. so from the last 3 points we see His appearance as a FAT ilL lER\, and Tod and He has a IVI . 20. The marks on LARRY TODD's body appear like "IIII I ." and perhaps this is the name that the bible said God had on His body that no one knew. Thus only God knew what it was, and revealed it Himself through the world wide web. 21. Numerologically “Son of Jesus” equals 8 or h, thus since God also equals 8 or h, we can deduce that “Son of Jesus=God”. Since Jesus was declared the Lord, in the bible, and the bible says the Lord becomes a father to the fatherless, I could say I became the Son of Jesus after My father died when I was 5. Thus My contention that I AM God. So basically I contend that the moniker is mostly honourary. 22. If you look into God, you can see it says CuT nucil, which if you look on My left hand you see that God as CuT nucil is a accurate description of Me, Larry Todd S. 23. One story about how I went back in time to tell Moses that yes I was represented by the image of the burning bush. I didn’t explain to him I could be seen as “^” which was emerald in color. Further basically I was “^ as emerald.” This could be interpreted or solve to mean “Stevens.n as me lare todd” meaning the “^” was a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together that equals Stevens.n. The “emerald.” was “me lare todd” because “.=dot” thus “emeralddot” which is todd lare me (in reverse) thus un reverse would be “me lare todd”. 24. Another time when a God faring man asked a prophet of mine, where he could find God, I told him to go and look in the tent, which was called The Tent of God’s presence. This was the tent God first used before the fancy one mentione in the bible. It was emerald in color and a side view of it was like the soldier’s tent which when assembled had the shape of a triangle. The other side view of it was a square. The man went over and looked in the “tent”, returned and said that there was no one in the tent. The prophet told him to to look closely and you can fing God in the tent. Still the man couldn’t see how God was in the tent. Later I explained the triange and square both contained the number I7 which is one of Gods identification factors. Also that the square and triangle contained a .I7 mixed up and sealed together which was determined to be a Stevens.n, like previously shown. 25. As for scientist’s penchant for mathematical proofs, check out the following equations, which serve to lead us to God, does it sound like anyone you know? God= World God= God Most High= All Powerfull God= Son of Jesus= A Son of the LORD= A Soul within a EMPEROR= God of WAR= Lord God Almighty= God named within WAR= Angel named within Death= Angel of Death= Indian Posse= Peguis Warrior= Cree Lord= A Native= A Cree Son= A German Son= German Cree=Deutsch= GOTT= Called Angel named within the LORD= Called Angel of the LORD= A Man of Peace= One Man= A Canadian Citizen= Manitoban= Called A Boy= The Winner= Only king of KINGS= Only King within a KINGS= Royal= Rejected Stone= Free Man= A Holy Man= The Body of the Former Larry Todd Stevenson= Real Name of Five Canadian Dollars= Funny= Fair Man= Only the Right arm of Satan= The Devil Incarnate= Only Master of All= The Perfect Man= Called Larry Todd Stevenson= Cut off= Murdered Man= Dead Human= Avenged Victim= Final Judge= 26. The point about God created Man can literally be shown as true when you read between the lines of the word Man. Cut the M into a Roman numeral IV and a I and a small letter L (ie a l). We also cut the ‘n’ into a r and a i. Knowing those visually correct interpretations, we see Man = IVI lari(sealed together). Thus we find that Man whose name could be pronounced lari(Larry to none Italians) who is IVI sealed together and find out who made Him that IVI lari (sealed together) and that would be the true God who created Man. So obviously when that lari made Himself Man, it made perfect sense considering the other proofs discussed in this essay. 27. So if the “beginning and end, first and the last” description of God is a reference to European and Arabic numbers, similar to Jesus’s Alpha and Omega, then God could be seen as: 0 and a nine that looks like an upside down b. (European) . and a nine that looks like a upside down b (Arabic) Thus looking from upside down God is a DI (sealed together) with a 0. (European) and DI (sealed together) with a “.” (Arabic) Thus we have once again described LTS. 28.The basis for God (LTS) creating the planet is explained as Todd is pronounced ta-d and one (german) is seen as like eln. (the german one). So one (german) Todd= eIn tad creates the planet, when you re-arrange the “eIn tad.” 29.The CHRISTIAN message for those with understanding God=H, IV=IIII, and a N=.I IV when sealed together and reading between the lines of the N. Thus understanding that CHRISTIAN meassage equals: C GOD RIST I A .I IV. And thus a . I IIII read turned over like your rist that turns over is IIII I . (the God rist) 30.The ISLAMIST message when read between the lines says: “I iS LiT(times new roman font L) A IVI(sealed together) IS liT”. Thus the biblical proof that God is glorified in all things, including to alledgedly different faiths. 31.The “christian” faith can be now seen as c god rist I a n. And ‘n’ could be seen as “a form of .I7 mixed up and sealed together”, which as previously shown is a Stevens.n (e+e=S). 32.The “Islamist” message is seen as “I is larri is Li+”, where I and li+ is God.
TEFL - get enthusiastic!? ok so im teachin 15 Italians pre-inter level and the school rules are : students must speak english AT ALL TIMES. So my students are the least enthusiastic bunch of teenagers I've ever met! we play games they look at me blankly. They speak Italian - I give them a red card (extra homework) that they can pass to the next person they hear speak Italian. They dont seem to care if they get extra homework. One day I got them to stop speaking Italian and they stopped speaking altogether. Even when I explicitly ask them for their answers they just say "i am tired" or "i dont know". Ive tried to make it interesting using Music (Famous Pop songs gap fills) topics like Alcohol, dating, drugs etc and NOTHING can get this class to speak english or even talk to each other! pairwork is a nightmare. they refuse to talk to each other they just swap copies and take down the information! Does ANYONE have any tips?! Im dying here! THANKS A MILLION!!!!!
Relocating to Italy, what business can I start there? I'll be moving to Italy. I like to start a business there. I'm toying with 3 options; opening a delicatessen or even a small outfit selling oriental antiques/home decor artifacts etc and lastly maybe an online business. I know, no brainer and pretty lame ideas. Anyone can give me better ideas or approach on the hows, what, where, when etc. Any bits, views, opinions and info (even a potential biz partner is in consideration too) .. is most appreciated. I'm just starting to learn the lingo and know the bureaucracy to starting a biz is a real test of one's patience with the Italian authorities. Incidentally I'm Malaysian of straits chinese descent, of course it will be a Malaysian Deli selling our famous Malaysian delights which is virtually non existence in the city where I'm moving. I'm thinking of introducing Malaysia to the Italians through our food. Most of them doesnt even know where Malaysia is! I'm quite a good cook .. very creative and not afraid of challenges or hard work.
How can the whole adam and eve story be true? If two white people, Adam and eve, were randomly created by god... how in the world could we have or could there be: 1. Other races like African-American, Hispanic/ Latinos, Italians, French, Asian, etc. 2. How could there be all of these different languages? 3. By fact, it is known that if incest takes place, for instance between two cousins or siblings, that the baby will be mentally retarded and have birth defects. If there was only two people to begin with, Adam and eve, and they had children, the only way to keep producing was if the siblings reproduced. How can all of us be this complex and intelligent then? And isn't that a sin anyways? 4. (This is all factual as well) Do you know the old, ancient saber tooth tiger? Well, scientists have found that the tiger and lion are decedents of the saber tooth tiger, this is why we were able to make the all famous "liger" (yes, it's real) because they have a genetic connection. Every animal is a descendent of something, including humans. I am not atheist, I am still unsure. But, I would like to know your opinion on this. In the bible it also says that adam and eve lived to be around 900 (unsure of actual number, but its around there). We now know, this is impossible. No one can live to be that old. Well, I am sure that I firmly believe that adam and even thing is NOT true. I'm just unsure of my set religion is what i meant
Choose the answer that uses italics or quotation marks correctly? Did you read the article Backpacking in Italy? It was in last month's issue of the magazine Traveling. Before visiting Italy, I read the book "The Italians" by Luigi Barzini. This book contains a chapter titled Sicily and Sardinia. 2) Have you seen the play "Six Characters in Search of an Author," by the Sicilian Luigi Pirandello? One of many movies set in Italy is "The Bicycle Thief." While in Rome, my uncle and I gazed at Michelangelo's statue, the "Pietà." At the Vatican Museum, we also saw Raphael's famous wall painting called The School of Athens. 3) My uncle then took me to see the opera "Pagliacci." My uncle likes to sing the Neapolitan love song, Come Back to Sorrento. I like the way he pronounces words like America and camera. The newspaper to read in Rome is called Òggi in Italian.
HELP wit history/ its from novelstars? 1. Spain's largest city and capital sirocco Lisbon Madrid hub navigable 2. deep and wide enough for ships to pass sirocco Lisbon Madrid hub navigable 3. hot, dry wind from North Africa sirocco Lisbon Madrid hub navigable 4. Portugal's capital and leading port sirocco Lisbon Madrid hub navigable 5. central area with concentrated activity and influence sirocco Lisbon Madrid hub navigable Part 2 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the correct answer from the choices provided. 6. What physical characteristic isolates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of Europe? navigable riversthe Meseta the Pyreneesthe Cantabrian Mountains (Worth 1 point) 7. Which of the following describes the climate of Spain and Portugal? The climate is cold and dry throughout both countries.Southeastern Spain receives ample rain, but all of Portugal is dry. Portugal receives abundant rain, but only Spain's northern coast does.The climate is hot and dry throughout both countries. (Worth 1 point) 8. The economy of Spain has shifted from agriculture to industry.has resulted in more trade with the colonies. is based on the Basque economy.has shifted from industry to agriculture. (Worth 1 point) 9. What is the goal of some Basques in northeastern Spain? greater use of the Basque languagetotal independence from Spain unification with Portugal stronger ties with the central government (Worth 1 point) 10. What do the Catalonians want from the central Spanish government? total independencehelp fighting Greece increased financial assistancegreater use of the Catalan language (Worth 1 point) 11. What important event in Portuguese history took place in 1975? Portugal gained control of Brazil.Portugal granted independence to its largest African colonies. Portugal joined the European Union.Portugal defeated the Moors. (Worth 1 point) Part 3 MATCHING. Select the correct answer from the choices provided. (Each question is worth 1 point) 12. world headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church Renaissance Mezzogiorno seismically activesubsidence Vatican City 13. geological phenomenon in which the ground sinks Renaissance Mezzogiorno seismically activesubsidence Vatican City 14. great period of art and learning Renaissance Mezzogiorno seismically activesubsidence Vatican City 15. region of Italy named for its hot midday sun Renaissance Mezzogiorno seismically active subsidence Vatican City 16. having high volcanic activity Renaissance Mezzogiorno seismically activesubsidence Vatican City Part 4 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the correct answer from the choices provided. (Each question is worth 1 point) 17. The part of Italy south of the Alps has a Mediterranean climate because this area has only scrub vegetation.volcanic eruptions change the direction of westerly winds. the tall peaks of the Alps block moisture from the North Atlantic.all the rivers from the Alps flow to their north. 18. Which statement describes the role of agriculture in the Italian economy today? More than a third of the population lives and works on farms.Italy is too mountainous to support any agriculture. Only 10 percent of Italy's work force is agricultural.Only southern Italy has profitable agriculture. 19. When did the unification of Italy begin? in the early 400sin the late 1700s in the early 1900sin the mid-1800s 20. Which of Italy's regions is often called European Italy? the ApenninesSouthern Italy Northern ItalySicily 21. The city of Bologna is a port city that suffers from some of the worst poverty in Europe.a leading agricultural center well known for its variety of foods. a cultural center made famous by Michelangelo.the capital of the Roman Empire. 22. Southern Italy today faces the problem of unemployment.frequent flooding. poor drainage.lack of workers for factories. 23. Why is agriculture not a profitable industry in southern Italy? Modern irrigation systems are not available in the south.Many southern Italians have moved to cities in the north, leaving few farmers to cultivate the land. Arable land in the south is limited and farming technology is outdated.Poor roads in the south make it difficult to transport agricultural products to other parts of the country. Part 5 MATCHING. Select the correct answer from the choices provided. (Each question is worth 1 point) 24. areas of land that have dropped down between faults Crete tsunamis Athens inhabitable grabens 25. able to support permanent residents Crete tsunamis Athens inhabitable grabens 26. island home of the ancient Minoan culture Crete tsunamis Athens inhabitable grabens 27. giant ocean waves Crete tsunamis Athens inhabitable grabens 28. capital of Greece Crete tsunamis Athens inhabitable grabens Part 6 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Select the correct answer from the choices provided. (Each question is worth 1 point) 29. Which set of physical characteristics is most typical of Greece? fertile coastal plainsmountains and rocky soil rapidly flowing riversgently rolling hills 30. An important economic activity in the Athenian suburb of Piraeus is tourism.farming. shipping.archaeological research. 31. Which statement describes Athens? Athens is the oldest capital city in Europe.Greece's Minoan culture was once centered in Athens. Most of Athens is too rocky to support permanent residents.Athens is heavily populated. 32. Which of the following is NOT true of Greece's relationship with the sea? Greece relies on both the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea for irrigation.Greece has one of the world's largest commercial shipping fleets. Shipbuilding is an important industry in Greece.Greece relies on the sea for trade and contact with its islands. 33. Which statement is NOT true of Greece? Wheat and other grains are grown on narrow coastal plains.More than a third of Greece's inhabitants live in and around Athens. Tourism has declined in importance as an economic activity. Greece has more solar collectors than any other European country. 34. Only since 1830 has Greece been a shipbuilding nation.a member of NATO. an independent country.closer to Eastern culture than Western culture.
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